Abstract: Immune checkpoint blockades and modified T cells, which target regulating pathways in T cells to enhance antitumor immune response, provide a new weapon for cancer precision immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint blockades result in longlasting responses only in a fraction of patients, while T cells newly modified by chimeric antigen receptors or T cell receptors are constrained by the rarity of tumorspecific antigens. Combination of therapy model and identification of advantage patients represent a path forward for immune checkpoint blockades in cancer therapy. Dualreceptor or specific receptor also opens the door to improve immune responses for precision immunotherapy.

Key words: Neoplasms, Precision immunology, Immune checkpoint blockades