Journal of International Oncology

Effect of DCCIK combined with chemotherapy on Treg cell expression and prognosis in patients with breast cancer

ZHANG Zhi-Sheng

2016, 43 (12): 881-885. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.001

Abstract ( 350 )

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ObjectiveTo study the effect of dendritic cells (DCs) and cytokineinduced killer cells (CIKs) combined with chemotherapy on Treg cell expression and prognosis of patients with breast cancer. MethodsPatients in the test group (n=42) were treated with DCCIK therapy combined with chemotherapy, and patients in the control group (n=38) were treated with chemotherapy. The expressions of Treg cells in peripheral blood, the shortterm efficacy, progressionfree survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and quality of life after treatment were compared between the two groups. ResultsIn the test group, the expressions of Treg cells in peripheral blood after 1 week treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group ［(11.37±1.10)% vs. (14.25±0.95)%］, and the expressions of Treg cells in peripheral blood after 2 weeks treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group ［(7.94±1.12)% vs. (9.14±1.21)%］, with significant differences (t=12.470, P=0.000; t=4.606, P=0.000). The test group and the control group had the similar clinical efficacy rate (47.62% vs. 44.74%), with no significant difference (χ2=0.07, P=0.80). The disease control rate in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group (80.95% vs. 60.53%), with a significant difference (χ2=4.06, P=0.04). The PFS ［(7.50±1.45) months vs. (5.50±1.52) months］ and OS ［(13.50±3.20) months vs. (11.50±3.25) months］ of patients in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group, with significant differences (t=6.021, P=0.000; t=2.771, P=0.007). After treatment, the scores of the test group patients in physical function (72.85±12.01 vs. 57.42±13.07), emotional function (68.45±9.97 vs. 44.79±9.15), cognitive function (67.54±9.95 vs. 62.37±10.34), social function (65.72±12.17 vs. 49.37±8.45) and overall quality of life (71.43±11.50 vs. 59.48±12.45) were significantly higher than those in the control group, with significant differences (t=5.503, P=0.000; t=11.020, P=0.000; t=2.278, P=0.025; t=7.032, P=0.000; t=4.463, P=0.000). ConclusionDCCIK combined with chemotherapy can significantly reduce the expressions of Treg cells in peripheral blood, improve immune suppression, while increasing the curative efficacy, prolonging PFS and improving the quality of life of patients.

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Influence of radiotherapy on the immune function and prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer

WANG Xiao-Bo, WU Di-Jun, CHEN Wei-Ping, LIU Jian

2016, 43 (12): 886-891. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.002

Abstract ( 557 )

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ObjectiveTo observe the dynamic changes of the immune function in patients with esophageal cancer during the radiotherapy and also to explore its association with the clinical prognosis factors. MethodsTotally 90 cases with esophageal cancer received radiotherapy in Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from January 2010 to December 2013 were collected. The proportions of Tlymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood were detected by the flow cytometry from start to finish and 3 months after radiotherapy. Meanwhile, 30 cases of healthy subjects were taken as control. The changes of the immune function in the patients during the radiotherapy and the correlation between the changes and clinicopathologic features were analyzed, as well as the clinical prognostic factors were further evaluated. ResultsThe difference of proportions of CD4+ T cells (28.23%±8.22%), CD8+ T cells (31.79%±7.61%), CD4+/CD8+ ratio (0.93±0.34) and NK cells (11.37%±4.57%) in preradiotherapy patients with esophageal cancer were statistically significant (t=4.292, P=0.000; t=2.811, P=0.006; t=5.894, P=0.000; t=3.965, P=0.000) compared with control group (36.03%±9.71%, 27.26%±7.70%, 1.34±0.27, 15.31%±5.13%); but the proportions of CD3+ T cells (58.13%±9.46%) had no obvious difference (t=0.988, P=0.325) compared with control group (60.06%±8.67%). The immune function of esophageal patients in 3 months after radiotherapy such as CD3+ (59.27%±9.92%), CD4+ (30.51%±9.04%), CD8+ (29.79%±6.98%) and NK cells (10.62%±4.43%) gradually returned to the preradiotherapy levels (t=0.789, P=0.431; t=1.769, P=0.079; t=1.837, P=0.068; t=1.113, P=0.267). The changes of immune function (CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, NK cells) after radiotherapy were related to the bone marrow suppression (t=4.050, P=0.001; t=2.180, P=0.015; t=2.130, P=0.020; t=3.520, P=0.003) and irradiation volumes (t=5.170, P=0.000; t=3.350, P=0.026; t=8.750, P=0.000; t=2.490, P=0.043). Survival analysis showed that the patients whose immune function recovered better in 3 months after radiotherapy had a longer median survival time than those recovered bad (23 months vs. 17 months, χ2=6.820, P=0.009). ConclusionThe patients of esophageal cancer are immunosuppressive before radiotherapy and will further aggravated after radiotherapy. The degree of immunosuppression is associated with bone marrow suppression and irradiation volumes. The immune function of patients are recovered in 3 months after radiotherapy, and the patients whose immune function recovered better have good prognosis.

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Expression and significance of TRAF6 in rectus abdominis of gastric cancer patients

Qian-Xiao-Yu, TANG Jian, XU Yan, LI Lin, SUN Yuan-Shui

2016, 43 (12): 892-895. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.003

Abstract ( 490 )

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ObjectiveTo research the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptorassociated factor 6 (TRAF6) in rectus abdominis of gastric cancer patients and abdominal benign disease patients, and discuss the relationship between nutritional status and prognosis of gastric cancer patients with TRAF6. MethodsBiopsies of the rectus abdominis were obtained intraoperatively from 64 gastric cancer patients and 53 subjects undergoing surgery for benign abdominal diseases. The expression levels of TRAF6 mRNA and protein were assessed through quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR (RTQPCR) and Western blotting, and the relationships between nutritional status and prognosis of gastric cancer patients and the expression status of TRAF6 were analyzed. ResultsTRAF6 mRNA was significantly upregulated in muscle of stage Ⅰ (2.080±0.611), stage Ⅱ (2.126±0.640), stage Ⅲ (3.127±0.953), stage Ⅳ (3.289±0.734) gastric cancer compared with the control group (1.249±0.723), t=4.107, P=0.001; t=4.128, P=0.000; t=8.741, P=0.000; t=9.208, P=0.000. TRAF6 protein was significantly upregulated in muscle of stage Ⅰ (0.198±0.042), stage Ⅱ (0.209±0.051), stage Ⅲ (0.295±0.072), stage Ⅳ (0.345±0.084) gastric cancer compared with the control group (0.088±0.013), t=5.203, P=0.000; t= 5.642, P=0.000; t=9.351, P=0.000; t=9.854, P=0.000. TRAF6 was upregulated in 67.2% (43/64) of gastric cancer patients. The expression of TRAF6 in muscles of gastric cancer was associated with the percent of weight loss (χ2=12.231, P=0.000), the level of serum albumin (χ2=22.808, P=0.000) and the survival rate (χ2=3.933, P=0.047). ConclusionTRAF6 is significantly upregulated in rectus abdominis of gastric cancer, suggesting that TRAF6 may play an important role in progression and prognosis of cancer cachexia, and its overexpression suggests unfavorable prognosis.

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Pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor expression and its clinical significance in colorectal cancer

ZHANG Zhi-Jin, FU Jun, ZHANG Yu-Hao, GE Cui-Cui, QIN Xian-Ju

2016, 43 (12): 896-899. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.004

Abstract ( 315 )

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ObjectiveTo explore the expression of preBcell colony enhancing factor (PBEF) in colorectal cancer, and analyze the relationship between PBEF expression and the clinical pathological characteristics and its diagnostic and prognostic value. MethodsSixtyeight human colorectal tumor and normal colorectal tissues were collected, and the expression of PBEF was detected by immunohistochemical method. The relationship between the expression level of PBEF and the characteristics of tumors and prognosis was analyzed. ResultsThe positive expression rate of PBEF in colorectal cancer tissues was 80.9%, higher than that in normal colorectal tissues, which was 29.4% (χ2=36.41, P<0.05). The expression level of PBEF had no relationship with age (χ2=0.11, P>0.05), sex (χ2=0.39, P>0.05), histology type (χ2=0.54, P>0.05) or penetrating serosa (χ2=1.55, P>0.05), but significantly associated with the degree of differentiation (χ2=6.29, P<0.05), metastasis of lymph node (χ2=4.32, P<0.05), distant metastasis (χ2=4.16, P<0.05) and clinical stage (χ2=7.58, P<0.05). The 5 year survival rates of patients with positive and negative expression of PBEF were 73.3% and 81.8%, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.315, P>0.05). ConclusionThe abnormal high expression of PBEF may be closely related to the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer.

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Effect comparison between ultrasound guided percutaneous laser ablation and radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma

CHEN Ying, YI Zhao-Xiong, LIU Zheng-Min, YAN Ting, XU Jie

2016, 43 (12): 900-903. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.005

Abstract ( 734 )

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ObjectiveTo compare the effects between ultrasound guided percutaneous laser ablation (LA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HHC). MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 54 patients with small HHC. According to the different methods of treatment, 54 patients were divided into LA group (n=27) and RFA group (n=27). Patients in LA group were treated with ultrasound guided percutaneous LA, and patients in RFA group were treated with RFA. The adverse reaction and shortterm curative effect were observed. The local tumor control rate and progressionfree survival (PFS) of patients were followup visited. ResultsAfter treatment, the total response rates of patients in LA group and RFA group were 81.48% and 77.78% respectively, with no significant difference (χ2=0.11, P=0.74). The 1year local tumor control rates of patients in LA group and RFA group were 77.78% and 51.85% respectively, with a significant difference (χ2=14.74, P=0.00). The median PFS of patients in LA group and RFA group were (12.52±6.57) months and (8.67±5.13) months, with a significant difference (χ2=4.70, P=0.03). The adverse reactions of patients in LA group and RFA group after treatment were puncture region pain (40.74% vs. 33.33%; χ2=0.32, P=0.57), retroperitoneal hemorrhage (7.41% vs. 11.11%; P=0.64), hemobilia (0 vs. 3.70%; P=0.31), bile leakage (7.41% vs. 14.81%; P=0.39), and abdominal infection (3.70% vs. 11.11%; P=0.30), with no significant differences. ConclusionCompared with RFA, LA may improve the local tumor control rate and prolong the PFS of patients with small HHC, which has a certain clinical practice value and prospect.

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Efficacy and safety of sodium glycididazole for esophageal carcinoma chemoradiotherapy: a Metaanalysis

LI Hui, LIU Jing, WU Dong-Wen, LIAO Meng-Ting, WU Wen-Yue, YANG Meng-Ling, YE Lin, SHI Shu-Peng, SHEN Liang-Fang

2016, 43 (12): 904-910. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.006

Abstract ( 563 )

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ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of chemoradiotherapy combined with sodium glycididazole (CMNa) for the patients with esophageal carcinoma by conducting a Metaanalysis. MethodsBy searching Chinese Biomedical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, VIP Database, PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBase, we collected randomized clinical controlled studies (RCTs) of chemoradiotherapy combined with CMNa and control group without CMNa in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction and quality assessment were done by two researchers independently. Metaanalysis was performed by using Revman 5.3. ResultsA totle of 4 RCTs involving 262 patients were included. The Metaanalysis results showed that chemoradiotherapy combined with CMNa group had better complete remission rate (OR＝2.09, 95%CI: 1.243.54, Z=2.76, P=0.006) and overall response rate (OR=2.75, 95%CI: 1.395.44, Z=2.90, P=0.004) than the control group, with significant differences. The 1year survival rates of the two groups were similar, with no significant difference (OR＝1.85, 95%CI: 0.943.64, Z=1.77, P=0.08). There were no significant differences in the incidence rates of adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal adverse reaction (OR=0.92, 95%CI: 0.491.70, Z=0.28, P=0.78), bone marrow suppression (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.391.19, Z=1.33, P=0.18), liver damage (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.481.79, Z=0.23, P=0.82), radioactive esophagitis (OR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.582.00, Z=0.22, P=0.82 ), radioactive pneumonia (OR=0.76, 95%CI: 0.291.98, Z=0.56, P=0.57) and radioactive skin lesion (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 0.512.43, Z=0.26, P=0.80). ConclusionIn the treatment of esophageal carcinoma, chemoradiotherapy combined with CMNa has a good shortterm effect, and does not increase the occurrence of adverse reactions.

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Darwinian evolution and tumor ecosystem

WENG Yi-Ming, HU Wei-Guo, SONG Qi-Bin

2016, 43 (12): 911-914. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.007

Abstract ( 394 )

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With the rapid development of the potential medicine and the treatment protocols, the treatment effect had been improved significantly. Treatment inevitably fails because of the evolution of the resistant cells. As a dynamic ecosystem, in the occurrence and development process of tumors, the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells themselves show differences in the evolution, which enable tumor microenvironment and tumor cells have abundant heterogeneity in time and spatial that is the foundation for the evolution of the resistant cells.

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Advances of epigenetics studys in malignant tumors

ZHANG Kai-Li, YE Fang

2016, 43 (12): 915-917. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.008

Abstract ( 491 )

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Epigenetics occurs in the level of gene expression without disorder of gene sequences, and such changes are reversible. The main contents of epigenetics include DNA methylation, histone modification and non encoding RNA regulation, chromatin remodeling. With the further study of epigenetics, its role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumor has been recognized.

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ABCA1: a new therapeutic target of tumor

XIONG Ting, HUANG Xue-Long, LU Kai-Qiang, LIU Xiao-Wang, XIE Wei-Quan, CHEN Hong-Fei, TU Jian

2016, 43 (12): 921-923. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.010

Abstract ( 701 )

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ATPbinding cassette transporter A1 is one of the important members of the ABC transporter protein family, which plays a very crucial role in cholesterol reverse transport, cholesterol metabolism and the regulation of highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Mutation of ABCA1 gene could induce Trangier disease and familial deficiency of HDL. Recent studies have pointed out that ABCA1 could have anticancer activity through cholesterol efflux, which will become a promising new therapeutic target of tumor.

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Effect and mechanism of NF-κB signaling pathway on the biological characteristics of glioma

LIU Jing, WU Yong-Qiang, GUO Geng, WANG Xiao-Gang

2016, 43 (12): 924-926. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.011

Abstract ( 343 )

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NF-κB signaling pathway is widely present in eukaryotes, and it is involved in many biological processes, such as embryonic development, inflammation, immunity, and tumor development. The abnormal activation of NFκB signaling pathway is closely related to the biological characteristics of glioma. Investigating the role of NFκB signaling pathway in the glioma proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis will provide new ideas and targets for the treatment of glioma.

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Antitumor effect and its molecular mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives

XIN Zhong-Yang, WANG Bao-Cheng, WANG Jun

2016, 43 (12): 927-929. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.012

Abstract ( 622 )

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Artemisinin and its derivatives are the first choices for the treatment of malaria medicine. In recent years, a large number of studies in vivo and in vitro show that artemisinin and its derivatives have good antitumor activities. Its antitumor mechanism mainly includes the oxidation damage reaction, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and resistance to new angiogenesis. Artemisinin and its derivatives have little side effect, low cost, effective aginst multidrugresistant cell and a synergistic effect on radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which may become promising clinical anticancer compounds.

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Molecular targeted therapy for glioma stem cells

TONG Lu-Qing, TANG Tian-Jiao, YANG Xue-Jun

2016, 43 (12): 930-934. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.013

Abstract ( 516 )

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Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are considered to be the root of migration, recurrence, and resistance to chemoradiotherapy in malignant glioma. With molecular targeting drugs becoming widespread in treating other cancers, the ones targeting GSCs could also be successful in the future. At present, relevant studies mainly concentrate in the hedgehog and PI3K pathways, and main representative drugs are cyclopamine and its derivatives, rapamycin and its derivatives, and some classical drugs like arsenic trioxide and metformin also performing the outcome of antiGSCs.

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Drugdrug interactions with tyrosinekinase inhibitors in lung cancer

ZHANG Shuai, AI Bin

2016, 43 (12): 935-939. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.014

Abstract ( 385 )

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The development of the tyrosinekinase inhibitors (TKIs) has led to new treatment options for lung cancer. As this new class of drugs is extensively used, serious drugdrug interactions are in increasing risk, and tailored treatment is urgently needed. All TKIs are given orally, extensively distributed in vivo and highly bound to plasma proteins. A change in stomach pH may affect their absorptions. Most of them are substrates of drug transporters ATPbinding cassette B1/G2 and cytochrome P450 isozymes. At the same time, they often exert an inductive or inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Patients are at substantial risk of having drugdrug interactions during treatment with TKIs in daily clinical practice.

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Notch1 1 gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

ZHANG Lei, LI Duo-Jie

2016, 43 (12): 940-942. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.015

Abstract ( 575 )

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It is confirmed that Notch1 gene is low expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which plays a tumor suppressor gene role. Researches about the relationships between Notch1 gene and lymph node metastasis and survival rate can provide more valuable help for the treatment and prognosis evaluation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

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Molecular targeted therapy for HER2 negative gastric cancer

PENG Pai, YI Shan-Yong, ZHAO Ling

2016, 43 (12): 943-946. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.016

Abstract ( 837 )

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Molecular targeted treatment has become hotspot in the gastric cancer research. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2) target genes found to treatment has widely used in clinical practice, and HER-2 positive incidence of less than 20%. In addition to HER-2, understanding the molecular pathways that characterize in cell growth, invasion and angiogenesis of targets and targeted therapy are worthy for attention.There are some molecular targeted drugs have been used to treat tumors,and patients can benefit from the treatment which brings new hope for patients with HER-2 negative gastric cancer.

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Extracellular vesicles in promoting the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer

LIU Bao-Rui, WU Yong-Na, ZHOU Wen-Ce

2016, 43 (12): 947-949. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.017

Abstract ( 306 )

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The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a wellconserved evolutionary process that occurs from prokaryotic cells to eukaryotes. EVs have been identified in body fluids such as plasma, urine, ascites, and bile as well as tumor microenvironment. EVs play an important role in cell growth, movement, signal transduction, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. With a high invasive ability, pancreatic cancer has a high degree of malignancy. Evs can enhance the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer by increasing cell proliferation, inhibiting immune responses, promoting angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling.

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Long noncoding RNA in leukemia

HU Lin-Hui, XIONG Shu-Dao

2016, 43 (12): 950-952. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.018

Abstract ( 353 )

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Recent studies show that some long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is specifically expressed in leukemia with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)rearranged, BCRABL, promyelocytic leukemiaretinoic acid receptor α (PMLRARα), and acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1)ETO fusion gene, which is closely related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of leukemia. Specifically expressed lncRNA may provide new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment, which may provide a guidance for clinical prognosis of leukemia.

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Application and mechanism of imiquimod in skin tumor

ZHANG Fu-He, SHI Lei, LUO Min, WANG Xiu-Li

2016, 43 (12): 953-955. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2016.12.019

Abstract ( 606 )

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Imiquimod is a synthetic Tolllike receptor7 agonist, mainly used for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Since imiquimod has activated innate immunity and specific immunity, inducing tumor cells autophagy and apoptosis, inhibit the formation of tumor blood vessels and other effects, it will has a great potential clinical application in the future.

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