Table of Content

08 June 2026, Volume 53 Issue 6 Previous Issue   

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

Original Article

Role and molecular mechanism of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the regulation of NSCLC A549 cell proliferation and apoptosis by oleanolic acid Wang Junqi, Li Kairui, Yuan Rong, Lu Ying, Xu Zhaojun, Song Lan 2026, 53 (6):  321-330.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251128-00053 Abstract ( 32 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (3097KB) ( 2 )   Save Objective To investigate the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）A549 cells by oleanolic acid（OA）and its potential molecular mechanism. Methods A549 cells were cultured in vitro， and the effect of different concentrations（0， 0.625， 1.25， 2.5， 5， 10， 20 μmol/L）of OA on cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. The cells were divided into the negative control group， the HLY78 group（10 μmol/L HLY78）， the OA group（5 μmol/L OA）， the HLY78+OA group（10 μmol/L HLY78+5 μmol/L OA）， and the IWR-1 group（8 μmol/L IWR-1）. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of proteins related to the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， cell cycle， and apoptosis. Real-time cell analysis was employed to detect cell proliferation dynamics. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle and apoptosis. Results OA inhibited the viability of NSCLC A549 cells in a generally significant dose- and time-dependent manner. The expression levels of Wnt5a/b protein in NSCLC A549 cells of the negative control group， the HLY78 group， the OA group， the HLY78+OA group， and the IWR-1 group were 1.03±0.06， 1.42±0.02， 0.98±0.07， 1.17±0.05， and 0.34±0.10， respectively， and the expression levels of β-catenin protein were 0.99±0.02， 1.22±0.08， 0.69±0.16， 0.85±0.12， and 0.39±0.19， respectively， with statistically significant differences（F=116.70， P<0.001； F=19.20， P<0.001）. Compared with the negative control group， the protein expressions of Wnt5a/b and β-catenin in the OA group were both significantly decreased（both P<0.05）， while the protein expressions of Wnt5a/b and β-catenin in the HLY78 group were significantly increased（both P<0.05）. Compared with the OA group， the protein expressions of Wnt5a/b and β-catenin in the HLY78+OA group were both significantly increased（both P<0.05）. The 72 h normalized cell indexes of the 5 groups were 7.20±0.04， 6.75±0.05， 4.74±0.03， 5.22±0.04， and 4.87±0.03， respectively， with a statistically significant difference（F=8 745.26， P<0.001）. Compared with the negative control group， the normalized cell indexes of the OA group and the IWR-1 group were both significantly decreased（both P<0.05）； compared with the OA group， the normalized cell index of the HLY78+OA group was significantly increased（P<0.05）. The proportions of Sub G1 phase in the 5 groups were（5.45±0.21）%， （3.30±0.20）%， （9.69±1.91）%， （8.29±1.16）%， and（8.21±1.26）%， respectively； the proportions of G0/G1 phase were（55.46±0.37）%， （45.29±3.34）%， （45.07±0.42）%， （46.15±2.61）%， and（52.15±4.93）%， respectively； the proportions of S phase were（10.81±1.24）%， （18.53±0.92）%， （13.80±2.09）%， （15.17±1.53）%， and（11.73±2.76）%， respectively， and with statistically significant differences（F=15.16， P<0.001； F=7.86， P=0.004； F=8.36， P=0.003）. Compared with the negative control group， the OA group showed statistically significant differences. Additionally， compared with both the OA group and the negative control group， the HLY78+OA group also demonstrated statistically significant differences（all P<0.05）. The apoptosis rates of the 5 groups were（0.61±0.05）%， （0.90±0.24）%， （32.96±2.39）%， （13.02±3.91）%， and（30.65±0.94）%， respectively， with a statistically significant difference（F=166.60， P<0.001）. The apoptosis rate of A549 cells in the OA group was significantly increased compared with the negative control group（P<0.05）； the apoptosis rate in the HLY78+OA group was significantly decreased compared with the OA group（P<0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of cell cycle-related proteins（PCNA， Cyclin D1， Cyclin D3， CDK2， CDK6， P18）and apoptosis-related proteins（XIAP， Survivin， Bcl-2， Bax）among the 5 groups（F=20.23， P<0.001； F=17.19， P<0.001； F=63.77， P<0.001； F=24.62， P<0.001； F=127.25， P<0.001； F=11.89， P<0.001； F=18.10， P<0.001； F=24.95， P<0.001； F=41.82， P<0.001； F=23.96， P<0.001）. Compared with the negative control group， the protein expressions of PCNA， Cyclin D1， Cyclin D3， CDK2， CDK6， XIAP， Survivin， Bcl-2 in the OA group were all significantly lower， while the protein expressions of P18 and Bax were higher（all P<0.05）. Compared with the OA group， the protein expressions of PCNA， Cyclin D1， Cyclin D3， CDK2， CDK6， XIAP， Survivin， Bcl-2 in the HLY78+OA group were all higher， while the expressions of P18 and Bax were lower（all P<0.05）. Conclusions The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway critically mediates the anti-tumor effects of OA in NSCLC A549 cells. By targeting and inhibiting this pathway， OA downregulates cell cycle drivers and anti-apoptotic proteins while upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins， thereby effectively inhibiting proliferation， arresting the cell cycle， and promoting apoptosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Analysis of prognosis and influencing factors of stage T3-4 laryngeal cancer patients based on propensity score matching Yan Kun, Xu Chenyang, Song Wenhua, Xia Tongliang, Wei Dongmin, Li Wenming, Qian Ye, Lei Dapeng 2026, 53 (6):  331-338.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251229-00054 Abstract ( 24 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (989KB) ( 6 )   Save Objective To investigate the survival differences and prognostic factors between laryngeal function-preserving surgery and non-function-preserving surgery in patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma. Methods A total of 358 patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma who underwent surgery at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January 2010 to December 2020 were enrolled. Patients were divided into a laryngeal function-preserving group（n=180）and a non-function-preserving group（n=178）according to whether laryngeal function was preserved during surgery. After balancing confounding factors using propensity score matching（PSM）， a study cohort of 52 patients in each group was established. Survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test was performed to compare survival differences between the two groups. Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis was performed to identify independent influencing factors for the prognosis of patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma. Results Before PSM， the median overall survival（OS）of the all patients was not reached， with a 5-year OS rate of 58.3%. The median OS was not reached， and the 5-year OS rate was 64.9% in the function-preserving group， while the median OS was 84 months and the 5-year OS rate was 51.7% in the non-function-preserving group， with a statistically significant difference（χ²=6.40， P=0.011）. After PSM， the median OS of the all patients was 92 months， with a 5-year OS rate of 61.2%. The median OS was 164 months and the 5-year OS rate was 67.3% in the function-preserving group， whereas the median OS was 84 months and the 5-year OS rate was 55.1% in the non-function-preserving group， with a statistically significant difference（χ²=4.06， P=0.044）. After PSM， univariate analysis showed that， laryngeal function preservation（HR=0.57， 95%CI：0.33-0.94， P=0.048）， differentiated degree（moderately differentiated：HR=1.14， 95%CI：1.02-1.27， P=0.021）， tumor maximum diameter（2-5 cm：HR=1.97， 95%CI：1.28-3.03， P=0.002； >5 cm：HR=1.63， 95%CI：1.02-2.60， P=0.041）， clinical N stage（stage 1：HR=2.95， 95%CI：1.29-6.75， P=0.011）， oral intake within 2 weeks（HR=1.07， 95%CI：1.03-1.11， P<0.001）， postoperative complications（minor：HR=2.81， 95%CI：1.31-6.00， P=0.008）， comorbidity with other underlying diseases（HR=1.89， 95%CI：1.04-3.43， P=0.035）， American National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance risk index（NNIS）classification（level 2：HR=0.41， 95%CI：0.17-0.96， P=0.039）， and American Society of Anesthesiologists（ASA）score（2 score：HR=8.16， 95%CI：1.07-62.20， P=0.043）were influencing factors for the prognosis of patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma. Multivariate analysis showed that， laryngeal function preservation（HR=0.24， 95%CI：0.11-0.51， P<0.001）， differentiated degree（moderately differentiated：HR=1.26， 95%CI：1.08-1.48， P=0.004）， tumor maximum diameter（2-5 cm：HR=4.59， 95%CI：2.31-9.14， P<0.001； >5 cm：HR=2.03， 95%CI：1.34-3.08， P<0.001）， and oral intake within 2 weeks（HR=1.62， 95%CI：1.23-2.12， P<0.001）were independent influencing factors for the prognosis of patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma. Conclusions Before and after PSM， laryngeal function-preserving surgery is associated with favorable survival benefits compared with non-function-preserving surgery in patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma. Laryngeal function preservation， differentiated degree， tumor maximum diameter， and oral intake within 2 weeks are independent influencing factors for the prognosis of patients with stage T3-4 laryngeal carcinoma. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Factors influencing the occurrence of high-grade acute radiodermatitis in patients undergoing image guided radiation therapy after breast cancer surgery and the construction of a prediction model Su Jialin, Zheng Jin, Zhao Canjun, Han Lijun, Zhang Jie, Wang Liping 2026, 53 (6):  339-345.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251229-00055 Abstract ( 21 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1259KB) ( 6 )   Save Objective To analyze and predict the influencing factors for patients with breast cancer who received image guided radiation therapy（IGRT）after surgery developing high-grade（grade Ⅲ and above）acute radiodermatitis， and to construct a prediction model. Methods A total of 455 patients who underwent IGRT for acute radiodermatitis after breast-conserving or modified radical mastectomy at Tangdu Hospital， Air Force Medical University from January 2023 to January 2025 were selected as the research subjects. The general clinical data of the patients with high-grade and low-grade（Ⅰ-Ⅱ）acute radiodermatitis were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent factors influencing the occurrence of high-grade acute radiodermatitis. The receiver operator characteristic（ROC）curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive performance of the each influencing factor and their combinations for the occurrence of high-grade acute radiodermatitis in patients. A prediction model was constructed based on the results of multivariate analysis. The calibration curve was used to verify the consistency between the occurrence probability and the predicted probability. The clinical decision curve analysis was conducted to assess the clinical application value of the prediction model. Results Among the 455 patients with breast cancer who underwent postoperative IGRT and developed acute radiodermatitis， 374 cases were of low-grade acute radiodermatitis， including 270 cases of grade Ⅰ and 104 cases of grade Ⅱ； 81 cases were of high-grade， including 75 cases of grade Ⅲ and 6 cases of grade Ⅳ. There were statistically significant differences in body mass index（BMI）（t=10.23， P<0.001）， smoking history（χ2=9.69， P=0.002）， diabetes（χ2=4.52， P=0.034）， ferritin level（t=31.55， P<0.001）， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein（hs-CRP）level（t=32.78， P<0.001）， and CD3+ T cell level（t=46.50， P<0.001）between the high-grade and low-grade acute radiodermatitis patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that， BMI（OR=1.52， 95%CI：1.15-2.53， P=0.019）， smoking history（OR=1.44， 95%CI：1.09-1.98， P=0.024）， diabetes（OR=1.62， 95%CI：1.26-3.05， P=0.013）， ferritin level（OR=1.78， 95%CI：1.49-3.55， P=0.009）， hs-CRP level（OR=2.09， 95%CI：1.63-4.46， P<0.001）， and CD3+ T cell level（OR=1.96， 95%CI：1.50-3.83， P=0.004）were the independent factors influencing the occurrence of high-grade acute radiodermatitis in the patients undergoing IGRT after breast cancer surgery. The ROC curve analysis showed that， the area under the curve（AUC）for BMI， smoking history， diabetes， ferritin level， hs-CRP level， and CD3+ T cell level alone in predicting the occurrence of high-grade acute radiodermatitis in the patients undergoing IGRT after breast cancer surgery were 0.69， 0.67， 0.71， 0.73， 0.77， and 0.74， respectively. The AUC of the combined prediction of these six factors was 0.88， indicating that the combined prediction was more valuable than individual predictions based on BMI， smoking history， diabetes， ferritin level， hs-CRP level， and CD3+ T cell level（Z=3.42， P=0.001； Z=3.35， P=0.001； Z=3.30， P=0.001； Z=2.00， P=0.025； Z=2.55， P=0.007； Z=2.10， P=0.019）. The calibration curve showed that the actual occurrence probability of high-grade acute radiodermatitis in patients receiving IGRT after breast cancer surgery predicted by the nomogram prediction model was relatively consistent with the predicted probability， with a consistency index of 0.87（95%CI：0.84-0.89）. The calibration curve fitted well（χ2=7.49， P=0.485）， indicating high calibration accuracy of the model. The clinical decision curve showed that the prediction model exhibited good discriminative ability， indicating its potential clinical application value. Conclusions BMI， smoking history， diabetes， ferritin level， hs-CRP level， and CD3+ T cell level are the independent factors influencing the occurrence of high-grade acute radiodermatitis in the patients undergoing IGRT after breast cancer surgery. The nomogram prediction model constructed based on these influencing factors has certain clinical reference and application value. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Predictive efficacy of a combined model of radiomics features and clinical signatures for bone metastasis in NSCLC Li Jianing, Yao Xuemin, Wang Jinyun, Jia Jinghao, Sun Guogui 2026, 53 (6):  346-354.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251123-00056 Abstract ( 20 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2256KB) ( 2 )   Save Objective To explore the predictive efficacy of a combined model integrating intratumoral and peritumoral CT radiomic features and clinical signatures for bone metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on chest arterial-phase CT images and clinical data from 537 pathologically confirmed NSCLC patients at Tangshan People's Hospital between January 2017 and December 2019. Patients were divided into a training cohort（n=376）and a validation set（n=161）in a 7∶3 ratio. Predictive models were developed within the training set， and the predictive efficacy was evaluated in both the training and validation sets respectively， and the clinical application value was verified as well. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis， the influencing factors for bone metastasis in NSCLC patients were investigated. Radiomics models were established for the tumor interior group， the tumor interior combined with a 3 mm peritumoral group， and the simple 3 mm peritumoral group. The best model was selected and combined with clinical signatures to construct a combined model. The diagnostic efficacy and clinical application value of the model were evaluated using receiver operator characteristic（ROC）curves， the calibration curve， and decision curve analysis（DCA）. Results Among the 537 NSCLC patients， 414 had bone metastasis（290 in training set， 124 in validation set）. Univariate analysis showed that， smoking history， tumor location， T stage， N stage， pathological type， D-dimer， carcinoembryonic antigen（CEA）， cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1， squamous cell carcinoma antigen， spiculation sign， lobulation sign， pleural indentation sign， and vascular convergence sign were all influencing factors predicting bone metastasis in NSCLC patients（all P<0.05）. Multivariate analysis showed that， T stage（OR=0.69， 95%CI：0.52-0.87， P<0.001）， N stage（OR=0.24， 95%CI：0.13-0.43， P<0.001）， pathological type（OR=6.01， 95%CI：2.83-12.77， P<0.001）， D-dimer（OR=0.32， 95%CI：0.17-0.59， P<0.001）， CEA（OR=0.25， 95%CI：0.14-0.44， P<0.001）， spiculation sign（OR=0.21， 95%CI：0.07-0.65， P=0.007）， and pleural indentation sign（OR=0.32， 95%CI：0.18-0.56， P<0.001）were all independent influencing factors predicting bone metastasis in NSCLC patients. ROC curve analysis showed that， the area under the curve（AUC）for predicting bone metastasis in the training set were 0.81， 0.79， and 0.74 for the models in the tumor interior group， the tumor interior combined with a 3 mm peritumoral group， and the simple 3 mm peritumoral group， respectively. The predictive value of the model in the tumor interior group was higher than that of the models in the tumor interior combined with a 3 mm peritumoral group and the simple 3 mm peritumoral group（Z=1.46， P=0.032； Z=3.01， P=0.024）. In the validation set， the AUC were 0.66， 0.63， and 0.53， respectively， with the predictive value of the model in the tumor interior group being higher than that of the models in the tumor interior combined with a 3 mm peritumoral group and the simple 3 mm peritumoral group（Z=2.37， P=0.025； Z=4.12， P=0.012）. A combined model was established using the radiomic features in the tumor interior group and the influencing factors with statistical significance from the multivariate analysis. The AUC of the combined model was 0.94 in the training set， which was higher than that of the model in the tumor interior group alone（Z=2.43， P=0.023）. In the validation set， the combined model's AUC was 0.92， which was also higher than that of the model in the tumor interior group（Z=3.76， P=0.007）. The calibration curve showed that the actual probabilities of both the training set and the validation set were in relatively good agreement with the predicted probabilities. DCA showed good discrimination ability for the combined model. Conclusions T stage， N stage， pathological type， D-dimer， CEA， spiculation sign， pleural indentation sign are all independent influencing factors predicting bone metastasis in NSCLC patients. Among the radiomics models， the model in the tumor interior group demonstrates higher predictive efficacy for NSCLC bone metastasis. The combined model constructed based on the above factors can further improve the predictive efficacy of bone metastasis in NSCLC patients，showing promising potential for clinical application. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Predictive value of the geriatric nutritional risk index for prognosis in advanced NSCLC treated with immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events Li Yansong, Jia Junmei 2026, 53 (6):  355-360.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20260203-00057 Abstract ( 21 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1102KB) ( 3 )   Save Objective To investigate the predictive value of the geriatric nutritional risk index（GNRI）for prognosis and immune-related adverse events（irAEs）in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC）receiving immunotherapy. Methods The clinical data of 108 patients with advanced NSCLC who received immune checkpoint inhibitor（ICI）therapy at the Department of Oncology Respiratory， First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from September 2016 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the previous GNRI risk stratification criteria， the patients were divided into a high GNRI group（>92， n=59）and a low GNRI group（≤92， n=49）. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were drawn and the log-rank test were used to compare the difference in overall survival（OS）between the high and low GNRI groups. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of prognosis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between GNRI and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio（NLR）. Receiver operator characteristic（ROC）curves were drawn to evaluate the predictive efficacy of GNRI for irAEs. Results The median OS of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy in the high and low GNRI groups were 32.0 and 16.0 months， respectively， with a statistically significant difference（χ2=10.39， P=0.001）. Univariate analysis showed that， clinical stage（HR=2.02， 95%CI：1.21-3.39， P=0.008）， GNRI（HR=2.29， 95%CI：1.36-3.83， P=0.002）， NLR（HR=1.87， 95%CI：1.05-3.33， P=0.032）， and prognostic nutritional index（PNI）（HR=1.83， 95%CI：1.10-3.06， P=0.020）were all influencing factors for OS in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy. Multivariate analysis showed that， clinical stage（HR=1.92， 95%CI：1.12-3.31， P=0.018）and GNRI（HR=2.40， 95%CI：1.25-4.60， P=0.008）were independent influencing factors for OS in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy. Spearman correlation analysis showed that， GNRI was negatively correlated with NLR in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy（r=-0.44， P<0.001）. To eliminate the interference of extreme values， sensitivity analysis was performed after excluding 1 extreme outlier（residual>3， NLR=93.38）， and GNRI still showed a negative correlation with NLR（r=-0.43， P<0.001）. A total of 59 patients experienced irAEs， among which 48 cases were grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ and 11 cases were grade Ⅲ-Ⅴ. The incidence of irAEs in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy was 77.55%（38/49）in the low GNRI group and 35.59%（21/59）in the high GNRI group， with a statistically significant difference（χ2=19.01， P<0.001）. ROC curve analysis showed that， the area under the curve（AUC）of GNRI for predicting irAEs in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy was 0.76（95%CI：0.67-0.85）. The optimal cutoff value was 93.06， at which point the predictive sensitivity was 71.2% and the specificity was 75.5%. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that after regrouping the patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy using 93.06 as the cutoff value， the median OS of patients in the low GNRI group（≤93.06， n=54）was still significantly shorter than that in the high GNRI group（>93.06， n=54）（16.70 months vs. 28.10 months）， and there was a statistically significant difference（χ2=5.85， P=0.016）. Conclusions The median OS of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy in the high GNRI group is longer than that in the low GNRI group. GNRI is an independent influencing factor for the prognosis of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy， and it is negatively correlated with the systemic inflammatory status index NLR. GNRI has a good predictive efficacy for irAEs in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICI therapy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

Research progress in AI-driven nanodelivery systems targeting the cGAS-STING signal pathway for tumor therapy Che Gen, Wu Rihan, Li Chang, Dong Li 2026, 53 (6):  361-365.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251112-00058 Abstract ( 18 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (819KB) ( 3 )   Save The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase（cGAS）-stimulator of interferon gene（STING）signal pathway is a key target in tumor immunotherapy，yet the clinical application of its agonists is hindered by systemic toxicity and poor delivery efficiency. Nanodelivery systems, with their ability to precisely target tumors and release drugs in a stimuli-responsive manner, provide an effective solution to this challenge. However，the design of nanocarriers and their precise adaptation to individual patients require higher-dimensional intelligent decision-making. Artificial intelligence（AI）technology can utilize machine learning to optimize the physicochemical parameters of nanocarriers to enhance tumor enrichment，analyze patient subgroups based on multi-omics data for precise stratification，and integrate dynamic treatment data to optimize drug administration strategies in real time. A thorough analysis of the deep integration of AI-driven nanodelivery systems and cGAS-STING-targeted therapy has established an intelligent closed loop encompassing carrier design，patient screening，and dynamic treatment，which can propel this field from universal drug administration towards a new paradigm of individualized precision therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Innovative applications and challenges of organoid technology in the precision treatment of lung cancer Zhou Daiyan, Zeng Xinxin, Hao Mengdi, Liu Weilu, Xie Pei, Zhang Xuhui 2026, 53 (6):  366-369.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250408-00059 Abstract ( 28 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (772KB) ( 1 )   Save Lung cancer organoids accurately reproduce the genetic heterogeneity and pathological features of the original tumor by 3D simulation of the tumor microenvironment and combining with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and multi-cell co-culture technology，thus demonstrating broad application prospects. In clinical transformation，they have been used for drug sensitivity testing（such as reversing platinum resistance）and efficacy prediction，promoting the precision of individualized diagnosis and treatment. At the same time，they have accelerated the research and development of targeted drugs（such as WEE1 inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy）and the analysis of drug resistance mechanisms. Despite challenges such as limited sample acquisition and insufficient model standardization，the potential of lung cancer organoids in revealing prognostic markers（such as IRAK1BP1）and optimizing immunotherapy strategies still provides a breakthrough research path for the precise diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Relationship between intestinal microecology and the occurrence and progression of colorectal cancer Wang Yong, Zhao Haiyan, Zhang Mingming, Wu Xinlin 2026, 53 (6):  370-375.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251119-00060 Abstract ( 27 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (803KB) ( 4 )   Save The intestinal microecology consists of intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites，and is closely related to the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Among intestinal microorganisms，bacteria such as fusobacterium nucleatum，entero toxigenic bacteroides fragilis，and pks+ escherichia coli； and fungi such as candida tropicalis and candida albicans； as well as related viruses，can promote the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer through different mechanisms. Microbial metabolites exert a bidirectional effect in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer：butyric acid，indole-3-lactic acid，ursodeoxycholic acid，etc.，play tumor-suppressive roles，while formic acid，indole-3-acrylic acid，deoxycholic acid，etc.，exert tumor-promoting effects. In-depth analysis of the functions and mechanisms of the intestinal microecology can provide theoretical references for related basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Immunoregulation mechanism and clinical significance of cancer-associated fibroblasts in ovarian cancer Sun Xiaoning, He Pan, Wang Xian, Yao Shujuan 2026, 53 (6):  376-380.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20251128-00061 Abstract ( 23 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (820KB) ( 0 )   Save The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the occurrence，progression，and therapeutic resistance of ovarian cancer. Among the tumor stroma，cancer-associated fibroblasts（CAFs）are the most abundant cell types and participate in immune regulation and promote tumor immune evasion through multiple mechanisms. CAFs modulate immune cell functions by secreting cytokines such as IL-6，TGF-β，and CXCL12，and influence immune cell infiltration and spatial distribution via extracellular matrix remodeling. Clinically，the unique role of CAFs can be exerted by selectively eliminating CAFs or targeting CAF-mediated signaling pathways to weaken their support for tumor progression. CAF-related biomarkers are closely associated with patient prognosis and hold significant value in guiding clinical treatment selection and prognostic assessment. A deeper understanding of the immune regulation mechanisms of CAFs is of critical clinical significance for overcoming immunotherapy resistance and improving therapeutic outcomes in ovarian cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics