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08 July 2020, Volume 47 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of silencing PRMT6 gene on proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells Liu Jiaming, Yuan Shanshan, Wang Yu, Si Wangli 2020, 47 (7):  385-390.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200221-00042 Abstract ( 592 )   HTML ( 44 )   PDF (2011KB) ( 306 )   Save Objective To study the effects of silencing protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) gene on cell proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cell line MGC-803, and explore its related molecular mechanism. Methods The expression levels of PRMT6 mRNA and protein in human normal gastric mucosa epithelial cell line GES-1 and human gastric cancer cell lines (AGS, SGC-7901, MGC-803) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. The gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 was divided into silencing control group (NC group), PRMT6 silencing group (si-PRMT6 group), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB/p65) overexpression group (pcDNA-p65 group),si-PRMT6+pcDNA-p65 group and PRMT6 silencing and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) overexpression group (si-PRMT6+pcDNA-MMP9 group). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of PRMT6, NF-κB/p65 and MMP9. CCK-8 kit and Transwell assay were used to measure cell proliferation and migration rates. Results The results of qRT-PCR showed that the relative expression levels of PRMT6 mRNA in GSE-1, AGS, SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells were 1.041±0.114, 2.141±0.132, 2.716±0.231, 2.825±0.300, and the difference among the four groups was statistically significant (F=46.082, P<0.001). Compared with GSE-1 cells, PRMT6 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in AGS, SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells (all P<0.001). Western blotting results showed that the relative expression levels of PRMT6 protein in GSE-1, AGS, SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells were 1.090±0.101, 2.847±0.331, 2.925±0.419 and 3.278±0.463, with a statistically significant difference (F=22.683, P<0.001). Compared with GSE-1 cells, PRMT6 protein expression levels were significantly increased in AGS, SGC-7901 and MGC-803 cells, with statistically significant differences (P=0.008; P=0.002; P=0.003). After 48 hours of silencing PRMT6 in MGC-803 cells, in NC group and si-PRMT6 group, the PRMT6 mRNA expression levels were 0.921±0.110 and 0.303±0.045, the PRMT6 protein expression levels were 1.032±0.105 and 0.289±0.043, the cell proliferation activities were 0.917±0.089 and 0.660±0.069, the cell migration rates were (89.122±5.109)% and (30.831±4.463)%, and the p-p65/p65 protein relative expression ratios were 0.947±0.143 and 0.285±0.023. The relative expression levels of PRMT6 mRNA and protein, cell proliferation activity, cell migration rate, protein relative expression ratio of p-p65/p65 in si-PRMT6 group were significantly lower than those in NC group, with statistically significant differences (t=9.006, P<0.001; t=11.338, P<0.001; t=3.954, P=0.017; t=14.881, P<0.001; t=7.919, P<0.001). Western blotting results showed that the MMP9 protein relative expression levels in NC group, si-PRMT6 group, pcDNA-p65 group and si-PRMT6+pcDNA-p65 group were 1.202±0.138, 0.318±0.018, 2.849±0.217 and 1.595±0.194, with a statistically significant difference (F=127.410, P<0.001). Further pairwise comparison showed that the protein relative expression level of MMP9 in si-PRMT6 group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P<0.001), while that in si-PRMT6+pcDNA-p65 group was significantly lower than that in pcDNA-p65 group (P=0.002). Then, MGC-803 cells were co-transfected with si-PRMT6 and pcDNA-p65 or pcDNA-MMP9 for 48 h. The cell proliferation activities in NC group, si-PRMT6 group, si-PRMT6+pcDNA-p65 group and si-PRMT6+pcDNA-MMP9 group were 0.923±0.054, 0.608±0.024, 0.818±0.035 and 0.807±0.029, with a statistically significant difference (F=37.343, P<0.001). Further pairwise comparison showed that the cell proliferation activity of si-PRMT6+pcDNA-p65 group or si-PRMT6+pcDNA-MMP9 group was significantly higher than that of si-PRMT6 group (both P<0.001). The cell migration rates of above four groups were (85.195±3.176)%, (28.419±1.845)%, (60.490±7.231)% and (53.653±6.761)%, with a statistically significant difference (F=59.672, P<0.001). Further pairwise comparison showed that the cell migration rate of si-PRMT6+pcDNA-p65 group or si-PRMT6+pcDNA-MMP9 group was significantly higher than that of si-PRMT6 group (P=0.002; P=0.003). Conclusion PRMT6 silencing can inhibit the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells MGC-803 via deactivation of NF-κB/MMP9 signaling pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Targeting role of CXCL10 and miR-34c-5p in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast Gao Jian, Jin Yi, Lin Jie, Lin Sheng, Duan Shan 2020, 47 (7):  391-396.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20190929-00043 Abstract ( 734 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF (740KB) ( 308 )   Save Objective To explore the targeted relationship between the CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and miR-34c-5p in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Methods A total of 56 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast and 14 cases of benign breast tissues surgically resected and pathologically confirmed in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were collected from March 2016 to March 2017. The expressions of CXCL10 and miR-34c-5p in the two groups were detected using HTA2.0 and miRNA4.0 chips and verified by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The correlation between the two expressions was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and the targeted relationship was predicted by IPA software. The dual luciferase reporter gene system was used to verify the targets of the two and finally verified in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and ZR-75-30. Results The results of gene microarray showed that the mRNA expression values of CXCL10 in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast and benign breast tissues were 7.135±1.350 and 4.348±0.722, and the mRNA expression values of miR-34c-5p in the two groups were 1.309 (1.001, 2.055) and 3.948 (3.278, 4.371), with a statistically significant difference (t=7.628, P<0.001; Z=-4.405, P<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of CXCL10 and miR-34c-5p were negatively correlated (r=-0.327, P=0.004). The expression of CXCL10 mRNA was related to the expressions of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (t=2.415, P=0.019) and Ki-67 (t=2.483, P=0.016), and the expression of miR-34c-5p mRNA was related to the histological grading (χ 2=8.626, P=0.013) and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (Z=-2.195, P=0.028) in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. RT-qPCR showed that the relative expressions of CXCL10 mRNA in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast and benign breast tissues were 6.059±1.714 and 1.000±0.232, the relative expression levels of miR-34c-5p in the two groups were 0.093±0.004 and 1.000±0.244, with statistically significant differences (t=3.484, P=0.002; t=5.112, P<0.001), which was consistent with the results of microarray. The results of double luciferase reporter gene showed that, after overexpression of miR-34c-5p, the luciferase activities of WT-CXCL10 and MUT-CXCL10 were 1.117±0.040 and 1.647±0.031 in MCF-7 cells, and the luciferase activities of them were 0.885±0.051 and 1.430±0.020 in HeLa cells, with statistically significant differences (t=18.120, P<0.001; t=24.040, P<0.001). After transfection with miR-34c-5p and miR-NC respectively, the relative expression levels of CXCL10 were 0.008±0.000 and 0.012±0.000 in ZR-75-30 cells, and the relative expression levels of CXCL10 were 0.315±0.000 and 0.386±0.004 in MCF-7 cells, with statistically significant differences (t=20.384, P<0.001; t=3.473, P=0.026). Conclusion The expression of miR-34c-5p in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast is down-regulated, while the expression of CXCL10 is up-regulated. CXCL10 is the target gene of miR-34c-5p. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanism of SUMO regulating XBP1 mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress on the progression of liver cancer Xin Ruiqiang, Song Xiaoping, Zhang Fan, Sun Ying, Wang Tao, Sun Wei 2020, 47 (7):  397-403.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200210-00044 Abstract ( 520 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (2261KB) ( 273 )   Save Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of SUMO specific protease 1 (SENP1) regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress transcription regulator X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) in the proliferation of liver cancer cells. Methods The pathological samples of 180 patients with primary liver cancer in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Inner Mongolia People's Hospital from January 2012 to January 2020 were collected. The expressions of SENP1 and XBP1 in liver cancer, adjacent tissues and different liver cancer cell lines were detected. The correlation between SENP1 positive expression and clinicopathological features of liver cancer patients was analyzed. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of SENP1 siRNA on XBP1 and apoptosis. SUMO1 expression on XBP1 surface was detected and the effect of SENP1 siRNA on SUMO formation of XBP1 was detected by immunoprecipitation. Results The expression levels of SENP1 in liver cancer and adjacent tissues were 16.332±4.371 and 6.840±2.238, with a statistically significant difference (t=-5.073, P=0.017). The expression levels of XBP1 in liver cancer and adjacent tissues were 6.641±2.482 and 16.051±4.452, with a statistically significant difference (t=3.592, P=0.032). The expression of SENP1 was correlated with stage (χ2=6.724, P=0.010) and metastasis (χ2=6.265, P=0.012). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the expressions of XBP1 in L02 (0.509±0.219), MHCC97-L (0.092±0.022) and HCCLM3 (0.086±0.014) cells were significantly different (F=6.378, P=0.004), while the expression of XBP1 in MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 cells was significantly lower than that in L02 cells (P=0.023; P=0.021). The expression levels of SENP1 in L02, MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 cells were 0.109±0.079, 0.802±0.392 and 0.921±0.352, with a statistically significant difference (F=7.783, P=0.004), while the expression level of SENP1 in MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 cells was significantly higher than that in L02 cells (P=0.039; P=0.016). After transfection of SENP1 siRNA into MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 cells, the expressions of XBP1 increased (0.462±0.192, t=3.664, P=0.022; 0.524±0.203, t=3.383, P=0.028); the expressions of SENP1 decreased (0.153±0.093, t=2.790, P=0.049; 0.165±0.104, t=3.568, P=0.023). The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rates of L02, MHCC97-L, HCCLM3, MHCC97-L+SENP1 siRNA and HCCLM3+SENP1 siRNA cells were (20.80±3.11)%, (2.02±1.20)%, (0.12±0.01)%, (7.01±1.80)%, (6.20±2.01)%, with a statistically significant difference (F=1.025, P=0.030). The apoptosis rate of MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 cells was significantly lower than that of L02 cells (P=0.040; P=0.010), the apoptosis rate of MHCC97-L+SENP1 siRNA and HCCLM3+SENP1 siRNA cells was significantly higher than that of MHCC97-L and HCCLM3 cells (both P=0.009). Immunoprecipitation results showed that the expression levels of XBP1 in L02, MHCC97-L, HCCLM3, MHCC97-L+SENP1 siRNA, HCCLM3+SENP1 siRNA cells were 11.943±5.043, 7.467±1.903, 2.051±0.913, 9.532±3.012, 8.731±3.102, and SUMO1 expression levels were 10.158±4.005, 5.871±3.075, 1.941± 0.907, 8.658±4.878, 7.169±4.677, and the differences were statistically significant (F=11.730, P=0.010; F=8.548, P=0.001). The expressions of XBP1 and SUMO1 in MHCC97-L (P=0.028; P=0.038) and HCCLM3 (P<0.001; P<0.001) cells were lower than those in L02 cells, XBP1 expression in HCCLM3+SENP1 siRNA cells was higher than that in HCCLM3 cells (P=0.001), and SUMO1 expression in MHCC97-L+SENP1 siRNA cells and HCCLM3+SENP1 siRNA cells respectively was higher than that in MHCC97-L (P=0.045) and HCCLM3 (P=0.039) cells. Conclusion SENP1 siRNA can promote the apoptosis of liver cancer cells by up regulating SUMO modification of XBP1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Effects of metformin on prognosis of type Ⅰ endometrial carcinoma patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus Wang Xue, Ji Guoxin, Ji Chao, Yang Xingsheng 2020, 47 (7):  404-408.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20191125-00045 Abstract ( 578 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (827KB) ( 249 )   Save Objective To explore the effects of metformin on the prognosis of type Ⅰ endometrial carcinoma (EC) patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The clinical data of 45 type Ⅰ EC patients complicated with T2DM (T2DM group) and 147 type Ⅰ EC patients without diabetes mellitus (non-diabetes group) admitted to Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January 2010 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The type Ⅰ EC patients with T2DM were divided into two groups, metformin group (n=23, taking metformin to control blood glucose in normal range) and non-metformin group (n=22, taking other hypoglycemic drugs or using insulin to control blood glucose in normal range). The clinicopathological characteristics of T2DM group and non-diabetes group were compared, and the effects of metformin on the prognosis of type Ⅰ EC patients with T2DM were analyzed. Results Compared with non-diabetes group, the type Ⅰ EC patients in T2DM group have the older onset age (t=4.331, P<0.001), more complicated with hypertension (χ2=19.252, P<0.001), later surgical pathological stage (χ2=4.588, P=0.032), higher histological grade (χ2=6.069, P=0.048), deeper myometrial infiltration (χ2=7.743, P=0.005) and higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (χ2=4.885, P=0.027). The median progression-free survival (PFS) (47.0 months vs. 38.0 months) and median overall survival (OS) (52.0 months vs. 41.0 months) in metformin group were significantly longer than those in non-metformin group (χ2=10.899, P=0.001; χ2=10.090, P=0.001). There was no significant difference in median PFS (47.0 months vs. 46.0 months) and median OS (52.0 months vs. 46.0 months) between metformin group and non-diabetes group (χ2=0.791, P=0.374; χ2=0.836, P=0.360). Cox multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors of PFS and OS in type ⅠEC patients were old onset age(OR=2.128, 95%CI: 1.361-3.328, P=0.001; OR=4.502, 95%CI: 1.696-11.954, P=0.003), late surgical pathological stage(OR=2.231, 95%CI: 1.437-3.462, P=0.001; OR=4.005, 95%CI: 1.480-10.836, P=0.006), high histological grade(P=0.001; P=0.017; G2 vs.G1: OR=5.660, 95%CI: 3.424-9.357, P=0.001; OR=5.763, 95%CI: 1.666-19.938, P=0.006), deep myometrial invasion(OR=1.531, 95%CI: 1.049-2.235, P=0.027; OR=3.759, 95%CI: 1.890-7.476, P=0.001), positive lymph node metastasis (OR=11.277, 95%CI: 2.774-45.838, P=0.001; OR=8.451, 95%CI: 1.138-62.767, P=0.037)and T2DM (OR=1.897, 95%CI: 1.096-3.281, P=0.008; OR=1.813, 95%CI: 1.043-3.151, P=0.012). Metformin was the protective factor of PFS (OR=0.412, 95%CI: 0.207-0.818, P=0.002) and OS (OR=0.455, 95%CI: 0.228-0.905, P=0.008) in type Ⅰ EC patients with T2DM. Conclusion Complication with T2DM is the negative factor on the prognosis of type Ⅰ EC patients. Intake of metformin can significantly improve the PFS and OS of type Ⅰ EC patients complicated with T2DM and improve the prognosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical effect of local and systemic zoledronic acid in the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone Su Wenzhen, Lin Yongjie, Wang Zhengyu, Liu Jisong 2020, 47 (7):  409-413.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200527-00046 Abstract ( 518 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (642KB) ( 213 )   Save Objective To investigate the clinical effect of local and systemic zoledronic acid in the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone. Methods The clinical data of 42 patients with giant cell tumor of bone who were treated in the Department of Joint and Sports Medicine Surgery of Shandong Provincial Third Hospital from January 2000 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether zoledronic acid was used during and after operation, the patients were divided into zoledronic acid group (n=21) and non zoledronic acid group (n=21). The perioperative indexes, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), international Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score of lower extremity function, adverse reactions and the postoperative recurrence were compared between the two groups. Results The operative time of zoledronic acid group and non zoledronic acid group were (158.4±20.5) min and (169.5±19.5) min, the intraoperative bleeding volume were (236.3±9.7) ml and (228.2±16.5) ml, the postoperative drainage volume were (163.3±7.4) ml and (161.4±9.3) ml, and the healing time of incision were (13.8±2.1) d and (14.0±2.0) d, respectively, with no significant difference (t=-1.798, P=0.080; t=1.936, P=0.062; t=0.733, P=0.468; t=-0.290, P=0.774). The preoperative VAS scores of zoledronic acid group and non zoledronic acid group were 6.54±1.76 and 6.72±1.51 respectively, the MSTS scores were 13.56±2.35 and 12.79±1.98 respectively, and the differences were not statistically significant (t=-0.356, P=0.724; t=1.148, P=0.258). The VAS scores of the two groups were 1.32±0.31 and 1.92±0.19 at 4 weeks after operation, 0.93±0.29 and 1.47±0.38 at 3 months after operation respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (t=-7.562, P<0.001; t=-5.177, P<0.001). The VAS scores of the two groups were 0.31±0.12 and 0.35±0.23 at the last follow-up, with no significant difference (t=0.707, P=0.485). The MSTS scores of zoledronic acid group and non zoledronic acid group were 24.89±3.86 and 21.82±2.95 at 4 weeks after operation, 26.78±2.57 and 24.62±2.62 at 3 months after operation respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (t=2.896, P=0.006; t=2.697, P=0.010). The MSTS scores of the two groups were 27.31±2.21 and 26.69±2.93 at the last follow-up, with no significant difference (t=0.774, P=0.443). The postoperative recurrence time of the two groups was (9.79±2.58) months and (7.31±1.73) months respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.659, P=0.001). There was no significant difference in recurrence Campanacci grade and recurrence tumor location between the two groups (U=7.000, P=0.860; χ2=1.062, P>0.999). The occurrence rates of fever in zoledronic acid group and non zoledronic acid group were 23.81% (5/21) and 4.76% (1/21), the occurrence rates of myalgia were 19.05% (4/21) and 4.76% (1/21), the incidences of influenza like symptoms were 14.29% (3/21) and 0 (0/21), the occurrence rates of gastrointestinal reaction were 9.52% (2/21) and 4.76 (1/21), and the differences were not statistically significant (χ2=1.750, P=0.186; χ2=0.980, P=0.341; χ2=1.436, P=0.231; χ2<0.001, P>0.999). All the patients had no serious adverse reactions such as liver and kidney function damage and mandible necrosis. Conclusion Local and systemic application of zoledronic acid in the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone can improve the early postoperative pain and limb function, delay the recurrence time, and can be used as an auxiliary treatment of giant cell tumor of bone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

Clinical value and application of SPINK1 as a tumor biomarker Zhao Na, Zheng Yang, Chen Lili, Jing Donghui, Wang Huaqing 2020, 47 (7):  414-418.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200216-00047 Abstract ( 998 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF (648KB) ( 430 )   Save The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) is a member of the protease inhibitor family. As SPINK1 plays an essential role in the occurrence, development and prognosis of tumors, such as ovarian cancer,pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer, the clinical application of SPINK1 as a tumor marker has been widely concerned by researchers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research on the function and targeted therapy of BCL9 in malignant tumors Zhai Jingtong, Ma Fei 2020, 47 (7):  419-422.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200224-00048 Abstract ( 1008 )   HTML ( 31 )   PDF (636KB) ( 320 )   Save Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is of great significance to the occurrence and progression of tumors which make it an exciting target in cancer therapy. The pathway is also required in regeneration of normal tissues, so the specificity of inhibitors targeting this pathway may be affected. The coactivator of β-catenin, B cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9), is highly expressed merely in tumor cells. Accordingly, inhibitors targeting the interaction between β-catenin and BCL9 may demonstrate robust specificity and minimal toxicity. BCL9 increases tumor growth, invasion and metastasis by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, up-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor and CD44 expression and regulating cancer stem cell traits. BCL9 promises to be a new target for cancer therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

A new strategy targeting NTRK in the treatment of recurrent and refractory solid tumors Hao Xueyan, Liu Fengling 2020, 47 (7):  423-427.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200212-00049 Abstract ( 679 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (646KB) ( 443 )   Save NTRK gene fusions are oncogenic drivers of various paediatric and adult tumor types. The fusion proteins encoded by these fusion genes have tropomyosin related kinase (TRK) tyrosine kinase domains, which provides novel targets for tumor targeted therapy. The treatment of patients with NTRK fusion-positive cancers with a first-generation TRK inhibitor, such as larotrectinib or entrectinib, is associated with high response rate (>75%), regardless of tumor histology. The first-generation TRK inhibitors are well tolerated by most patients. Chronic use of TRK inhibitors can lead to secondary resistance, and the resistance is mediated by the acquisition of NTRK kinase domain mutations. Fortunately, certain resistance mutations can be overcome by second-generation TRK inhibitors, including LOXO-195 and TPX-0005 that are being explored in clinical trials. As for its good efficacy and safety, NTRK targeted therapy is a new choice for the treatment of relapsed refractory solid tumors with NTRK fusion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Roles of microRNA in the regulation of tumor-associated macrophage polarization during the remodeling of breast cancer immune microenvironment Zhou Jiamin, Ye Lisha, Wang Guohua 2020, 47 (7):  428-430.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200401-00050 Abstract ( 571 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (628KB) ( 350 )   Save Tumor associated macrophage (TAM), as the main type of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, becomes an active participant in the development of breast cancer. MicroRNA (miRNA) can regulate post-transcriptional gene expression, modulation of macrophage function by affecting its polarization typing and transformation, and ultimately contribute to the occurrence and development of breast cancer. It could provide a new diagnosis and clinical treatment strategy for the treatment of breast cancer by summarizing the mechanisms of miRNA in the polarization of TAM. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of radiotherapy in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Zhou Weiwen, Sun Xiaonan 2020, 47 (7):  431-435.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200224-00051 Abstract ( 544 )   HTML ( 23 )   PDF (645KB) ( 336 )   Save Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a rare, aggressive malignancy of the digestive system with high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. With the development of modern medicine and radiotherapy technology, combined with surgery, chemotherapy, and biliary stent, etc., radiotherapy plays a more and more important role in the treatment of resectable and unresectable patients. At present, a large number of studies have shown that external beam radiotherapy, intraluminal brachytherapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy and other kinds of radiotherapy techniques have good safety and efficacy, but its clinical application is still controversial. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Adjuvant chemotherapy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma Wang Mopei, Ma Liwen 2020, 47 (7):  436-439.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200227-00052 Abstract ( 1007 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (636KB) ( 419 )   Save Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients have high recurrent rate and poor survival. Most of the previous studies of adjuvant chemotherapy in UTUC were retrospective and the results were controversial. Recent clinical trials support that adjuvant chemotherapy can improve disease-free survival of patients with locally advanced UTUC and platinum based regimens are standard adjuvant treatment. Currently the clinical trials results about effect comparison between adjuvant treatment and neoadjuvant treatment are limited. With the development of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, combinations with novel agents in the adjuvant setting might further improve the prognosis for locally advanced UTUC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Current status of basic and clinical research on metformin in endometrial cancer Zhao Xiaoling, Kong Weimin 2020, 47 (7):  440-443.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20200208-00053 Abstract ( 671 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (633KB) ( 266 )   Save Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, which is closely related to metabolic syndrome such as diabetes mellitus. In recent years, epidemiological studies have found that metformin has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of endometrial cancer, and a large number of basic and clinical studies have supported this theory, indicating that metformin may become the new treatment for patients with endometrial cancer, especially with advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer, and endometrial dysplasia. References | Related Articles | Metrics