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08 November 2018, Volume 45 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of microRNA-205-3p and microRNA-205-5p on the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Yu Changyun, Liu Yong, Cao Hua 2018, 45 (11):  641-646.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.001 Abstract ( 447 )   PDF (1158KB) ( 595 )   Save Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA-205-3p (miR-205-3p) and microRNA-205-5p (miR-205-5p) on the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods The miRNA expression data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, and were used to determine miR-205 expression in HNSCC and paracancerous tissues. Quantitative real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expressions of miR-205-3p and miR-205-5p in HNSCC cell lines 5-8F, 6-10B, CNE2, Tu686 and mucosal tissues of nasopharynx. MiR-205-3p inhibitor, miR-205-5p inhibitor and miR-NC were transfected into Tu686 cells, and qRT-PCR was employed to evaluate the silence efficiency. In the following study, the cells were divided into four groups: miR-205-3p inhibitor and control, miR-205-5p inhibitor and control. Then the cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay, Transwell migration and invasion assays were carried out to examine the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of the cells in the four groups. Results Compared with paracancerous tissues, the higher expression of miR-205 in HNSCC tissues was observed ［M (QR): 61 012 (51 448) vs. 28 579 (35 959), Z=-6.420, P<0.001)］. The expression levels of miR-205-3p in HNSCC cell lines 5-8F, 6-10B, CNE2, Tu686 and mucosal tissues of nasopharynx were 0.36±0.07, 0.20±0.06, 0.15±0.04, 0.25±0.04 and 1.00±0.00 respectively, with a significant difference (F=162.71, P<0.001). The expression levels of miR-205-5p in cell lines 5-8F, 6-10B, CNE2, Tu686 and mucosal tissues of nasopharynx were 0.20±0.01, 0.21±0.01, 1.06±0.18, 23.61±2.07 and 1.00±0.00 respectively, with a significant difference (F=371.81, P<0.001). Compared with 5-8F, 6-10B, CNE2 cells, the expression of miR-205-3p in Tu686 cells was higher than those in 6-10B, CNE2 cells (P=0.195; P=0.020), and lower than that in 5-8F cells (P=0.023), and the expression of miR-205-5p in Tu686 cells was the highest (P<0.001; P<0.001; P<0.001). The expressions of miR-205-3p and miR-205-5p in Tu686 cells were effectively downregulated by inhibitors, and the silence efficiencies were 87% and 83%, respectively. The absorbance (A) values of miR-205-3p inhibitor group on the first, second, third, fourth and fifth day were 0.26±0.06, 0.55±0.11, 1.52±0.13, 1.91±0.07, 2.14±0.24, and those of miR-NC group were 0.29±0.07, 0.78±0.11, 1.59±0.15, 1.95±0.08, 2.02±0.12. There were no significant differences between the two groups (t=0.506, P=0.639; t=2.459, P=0.070; t=0.573, P=0.597; t=0.655, P=0.548; t=-0.759, P=0.490). The cell proliferations of miR-205-5p inhibitor group on the first, second, third, fourth and fifth day were 0.30±0.08, 0.61±0.08, 0.85±0.08, 1.08±0.12, 1.16±0.18, and those of miR-NC group were 0.41±0.10, 0.78±0.14, 1.33±0.28, 1.87±0.09, 2.08±0.19. The cell proliferations of miR-205-5p inhibitor group on the third, fourth and fifth day were significantly lower than those of miR-NC group (t=3.665, P=0.017; t=12.223, P<0.001; t=7.825, P<0.001). Transwell migration assay demonstrated that downregulation of miR-205-3p had no significant effect on migration abilities of Tu686 cells. The numbers of cell permeating septum of miR-205-3p inhibitor group and miR-NC group were 192.00±28.49 and 188.40±22.52, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (t=-0.160, P=0.877). Downregulation of miR-205-5p significantly decreased the migration abilities of Tu686 cells. The numbers of cell permeating septum of miR-205-5p inhibitor group and miR-NC group were 109.40±27.63 and 183.60±31.63, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (t=3.951, P=0.004). Transwell invasion assay showed that the numbers of cell permeating septum of miR-205-3p inhibitor group and miR-NC group were 93.40±10.24 and 96.20±16.56, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (t=0.322, P=0.756). The numbers of cell permeating septum of miR-205-5p inhibitor group and miR-NC group were 53.00±17.80 and 94.40±14.38, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.045, P=0.004). Conclusion Downregulation of miR-205-5p can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of Tu686 cells. However, downregulation of miR-205-3p has no significant effect on the proliferation, migration and invasion of Tu686 cells. Related Articles | Metrics

Effects of microRNA-134 on proliferation and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating P53 protein Shen Qinglin, Song Qibin, Zhang Bicheng, Yao Yi, Xu Tangpeng, Chu Yuxin, Peng Min 2018, 45 (11):  647-651.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.002 Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (1094KB) ( 394 )   Save Objective To investigate the effects of microRNA-134 (miR-134) on the proliferation and apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its potential molecular mechanism. Methods Quantitative real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the differences of miR-134 expression between 10 cases of lung cancer tissues and normal lung tissues, and between normal human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. miR-NC and miR-134 mimic were transfected into A549 cells. The effect of miR-134 on proliferation of A549 cells was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and colony form experiment. Flow cytometry was used to determine the effect of miR-134 on A549 cells apoptosis. The effect of miR-134 on the expression of P53 protein was detected by Western blotting. Results The relative expressions of miR-134 in NSCLC tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were 0.429±0.126 and 0.971±0.183 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (t=7.742, P<0.001). The relative expressions of miR-134 in BEAS-2B cells and A549 cells were 1.013±0.095 and 0.371±0.068 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (t=17.377, P<0.001). The absorbance (A) values of A549 cells transfected with miR-mimic were 0.451±0.051 and 0.518±0.074 on the third and forth day respectively, and those of A549 cells transfected with miR-NC were 0.683±0.041 and 0.815±0.065 respectively. The proliferation ability of miR-mimic group was significantly lower than that of miR-NC group (t=12.965, P<0.001; t=9.535, P<0.001). The colony forming rates of A549 cells transfected with miR-NC and miR-134 mimic were 91.2%±8.3% and 38.6%±4.5% respectively, and the colony forming rate of A549 cells in miR-134 mimic group was significantly decreased (t=17.617, P<0.001). The apoptosis rates of miR-134 mimic group and miR-NC group were 93.5%±3.7% and 85.4%±2.0% respectively, and the difference was significant difference (t=6.119, P<0.001). The relative expressions of P53 protein in miR-134 mimic group and miR-NC group were 1.816±0.173 and 0.992±0.096 respectively, and the diffe-rence was statistically significant (t=19.308, P<0.001). Conclusion miR-134 can be an effective target for the treatment of NSCLC by increasing the protein expression of P53, inhibiting the viability and proliferation of tumor cells, and promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells. Related Articles | Metrics

Comparison analysis of local invasion between the Chinese 2017 staging system and the 2008 staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma Pan Xingxi, Chen Yongfa, Li Feilong, Liu Mindong, Tang Wu-bing, Yang Wen 2018, 45 (11):  652-656.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.003 Abstract ( 533 )   PDF (668KB) ( 570 )   Save Objective To compare the difference of T-stage between Chinese 2017 staging system and the 2008 staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and to investigate the optimization of T-stage and provide suggestions for further revision. Methods The MRI data of 183 patients with histology-proven newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma in our hospital were enrolled from September 2009 to May 2017. All the anatomic sites mentioned in the two staging systems were marked, and all patients were staged according to the 2017 staging system and the 2008 staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Comparisons of T-stage were made between the two staging systems. Results Involvement of oropharynx, nasopharynx, prevertebral muscles, cervical vertebra, hypopharynx and orbit were 100% accompanied with other same or more advanced T-stage classifications. The invasion rates of the cervical vertebra, orbit and hypopharynx were very low (all <5.00%). The incidence of involvement of pterygoid structure was 15.30%, most of which incorporated with erosion of skull base, only 1 case was invaded alone. All cases of involvement of paranasal sinuses were incorporated with erosion of skull base. Compared with the 2008 staging system, the consti-tuent ratio of T1+T2 in the 2017 staging system increased from 36.61% to 61.75%, and that of T3+T4 decreased from 63.39% to 38.25%, the constituent ratio of T-stage between the 2017 staging system and the 2008 staging system was significantly diffe-rent (χ2=26.94, P<0.001). There was moderate consistency of T-stage between these two staging systems (Kappa=0.514, P<0.001). Conclusion The T-stage of 2017 staging system still has a larger simplification and optimization space. Therefore, according to the principle of concise, the T-stage parameters including oropharynx, nasopharynx, prevertebral muscles, paranasal sinuses, cervical vertebra, orbit and hypopharynx are recommend to delete, and it does not have an impact on the composition of T-stage. We suggest that the pterygoid structure shall combine with the skull base to be one anatomical structure. Related Articles | Metrics

Investigation of the occurrence of arthralgia and the quality of life of patients with breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors Qiu Xia, Xu Mingying 2018, 45 (11):  657-660.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.004 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (656KB) ( 592 )   Save Objective To analyze the occurrence of arthralgia in patients with breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors, and to evaluate the impact of arthralgia on patients′ quality of life. Methods One hundred and eighty seven patients with breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitors in our hospital from December 2013 to December 2015 were selected. The occurrence and severity of arthralgia in patients were evaluated by using visual analogue scale method. The 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate patients′ quality of life. The occurrence of arthralgia in patients was analyzed. In addition, the quality of life of breast cancer patients with and without arthralgia and those with different degree of arthralgia was compared. Results The incidence of arthralgia was 77.5% (145/187) among 187 patients, of which 30.3% was mild (44/145), 40.0% was moderate (58/145) and 29.7% was severe (43/145). The scores of the role-physical (16.73±7.34 vs. 39.73±12.54; t=9.18, P=0.02), physiological function (53.63±12.91 vs. 77.18±9.82; t=7.49, P=0.04), mental health (53.18±14.76 vs. 75.14±17.21; t=14.96, P=0.01), role-emotional (46.23±14.30 vs. 68.75±15.93; t=12.17, P=0.02), bodily pain (40.35±18.49 vs. 91.48±19.67; t=16.28, P=0.01), social function (60.14±12.57 vs. 89.22±10.16; t=13.07, P=0.02), general health (45.52±14.61 vs. 60.78±18.45; t=15.77, P=0.01) and vitality (55.31±13.69 vs. 68.22±18.43; t=15.84, P=0.01) of patients with arthralgia were all lower than those of patients without arthralgia, with statistically significant differences. The scores of the role-physical (F=6.67, P=0.03), physiological function (F=10.94, P=0.02), mental health (F=11.32, P=0.02), role-emotional (F=11.49, P=0.02), bodily pain (F=15.71, P=0.01), social function (F=14.92, P=0.01), general health (F=9.98, P=0.02) and vitality (F=7.36, P=0.03) of different degree of arthralgia in patients with breast cancer had also statistical significance differences. Conclusion Arthralgia is more likely to occur in the treatment of breat cancer with aromatase inhibitors. Arthralgia and its severity can affect the patients′ quality of life. Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical efficacy and safety of re-radiotherapy combined with tegafur gimeracil oteracil potassium capsule in treatment of local recurrent esophageal carcinoma Gu Xiang, Chen Xiaojun, Song Wenbo, Zhao Rongrong, Wang Ali, Chu Junfeng 2018, 45 (11):  661-664.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.005 Abstract ( 531 )   PDF (742KB) ( 527 )   Save ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of re-radiotherapy combined with TS-1 (tegafur gimeracil oteracil potassium capsule) in treatment of local recurrent esophageal carcinoma. MethodsA total of 63 esophageal carcinoma patients who recurred after the first course radiation treatment admitted to Jiangdu People′s Hospital of Yangzhou during January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 were retrospec-tively analyzed. Twenty-seven of them treated with re-radiotherapy combined with TS-1 were deemed as the research group and 36 of them treated with radiotherapy alone were deemed as the control group based on different treatment. Then the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. ResultsThe objective response rates were 77.8% (21/27) and 50.0% (18/36) respectively in the research group and control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.048, P=0.025). The median survival time in the two groups were 21.6 months and 13.7 months, the 1-year (74.1%) and 2-year (44.4%) survival rates of the research group were both higher than those of the control group (52.8% and 30.6%, respectively), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=6.086, P=0.013). The major adverse effects of the research group and control group during the treatment were radiation oesophagitis (92.6% vs. 80.5%), radiation pneumonia (18.5% vs. 19.4%), myelosuppression (96.3% vs. 77.8%) and gastrointestinal reactions (25.9% vs. 19.4%). Most of them were 1-2 grade, and there were no statistically significant differences (χ2=0.975, P=0.323; χ2=0.009, P=0.926; χ2=2.941, P=0.086; χ2=0.375, P=0.540). ConclusionThe treatment of re-radiotherapy combined with TS-1 for local recurrent esophageal carcinoma can improve the efficacy and prolong survival period, and the adverse reactions are tolerable. Related Articles | Metrics

Analysis of diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor recurrence and metastasis after postoperative adjuvant imatinib treatment Wan Wenze, Zhang Ruizhi, Li Chengguo, Yang Wenchang, Wang Tao, Zeng Xiangyu, Cai Ming, Wang Guobin, Zhang Peng, Tao Kaixiong 2018, 45 (11):  665-669.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.006 Abstract ( 927 )   PDF (667KB) ( 594 )   Save Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment strategies and curative effect of recurrence and metastasis of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after complete resection along with adjuvant therapy with imatinib, and to analyze the risk factors of recurrence and metastasis after adjuvant therapy. Methods The demographic data, clinicopathological characteristics and follow-up data of 80 primary GIST patients who received adjuvant therapy with imatinib for at least 1-year duration and had already stopped taking imatinib from January 2005 to December 2017 in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology were analyzed retrospectively. The survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier approach. Univariate analysis was conducted using log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was produced by Cox regression model. Results Of the enrolled 80 patients, recurrence and metastasis were detected in 17 cases after completion of postoperative adjuvant therapy with imatinib, with a median recurrence time of 12 months. All the 17 patients showed no specific clinical manifestations. Liver metastasis, peritoneum metastasis and local recurrence were found in 9, 5 and 3 cases, respectively. In the 17 patients with recurrence and metastasis, 9 patients received imatinib monotherapy. Among the 9 patients, 6 achieved partial responses, while 3 demonstrated stable disease, and secondary drug resistance was found in 7 patients during the follow-up period, with a median progression-free survival of 35 months (95%CI: 15-55 months) and median overall survival of 49 months (95%CI: 30-68 months). A total of 7 patients with recurrence and metastasis were treated with imatinib after operation and achieved satisfying tumor control, and secondary drug resistance was found in 4 patients during the follow-up period, with a median progression-free survival of 31 months (95%CI: 6-56 months) and fell short of median overall survival. The remaining 1 patient gave up treatment. Univariate analysis showed that tumor location (χ2=4.120, P=0.042), preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (χ2=7.513, P=0.006) and preoperative platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (χ2=6.575, P=0.010) were associated with recurrence and metastasis of GIST patients after completion of adjuvant therapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor location (HR=3.787, 95%CI: 1.126-12.732, χ2=4.631, P=0.031) was an independent prognostic factor for those patients. Conclusion GIST patients who are identified recurrence and metastasis after completion of adjuvant imatinib treatment show no specific clinical manifestations after stopping andjuvant therapy with imatinib. Compared with gastric GIST, non-gastric origin GIST has a higher risk of recurrence. Imatinib monotherapy and surgery combined with imatinib therapy are both effective in treating this subgroup of patients. Related Articles | Metrics

Expression of KIF20A in hepatocellular carcinoma and its prognostic significance analyzed in bioinformatics database Li Yan, Wang Wei 2018, 45 (11):  670-674.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.007 Abstract ( 838 )   PDF (2215KB) ( 879 )   Save Objective To explore the expression of kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its prognostic significance. Methods By using bioinformatics methods in Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Oncomine and The Human Protein Atlas (THPA) online analysis websites, the mRNA and protein expression information of KIF20A in HCC was analyzed based on the large cancer public data including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to perform patients′ survival analysis based on TCGA liver cancer data, and the survival rates were compared by log-rank method. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the expression of KIF20A and some key molecules in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways. Results GEPIA retrieved 369 cases of HCC and 50 cases of normal liver tissue containing KIF20A mRNA expression information. Oncomine retrieved a total of 4 studies on KIF20A mRNA in HCC. All results showed that compared with the normal liver tissues, the mRNA expression level of KIF20A was significantly higher in HCC tissues (P<0.001; t=8.766, P＜0.001; t=24.329, P＜0.001; t=7.398, P＜0.001; t=3.191, P=0.001). Besides, THPA online analysis websites showed that KIF20A protein was low or not expressed in normal liver tissues, but it was significantly higher in HCC tissues, and this result was consistent with the mRNA analysis result. Moreover, the survival analysis found that the expression of KIF20A was correlated with the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of HCC patients, and the prognosis of patients with high KIF20A expression was poor (P=0.003; P<0.001). Additionally, further correlation analysis found that KIF20A gene was positively correlated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), AKT1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) genes in HCC (R=0.43, P＜0.001; R=0.29, P＜0.001; R=0.18, P＜0.001; R=0.39, P＜0.001; R=0.37, P＜0.001). Conclusion Bioinformatics analysis results indicate that KIF20A is highly expressed in HCC tissues and KIF20A is associated with the prognosis of HCC patients, the mechanism of which may be related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. It is worth further study in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

Changes of serum MG7-Ag and CA125 levels before and after chemotherapy in patients with advanced cervical cancer and their relationships with the curative effect Luo Nanyou 2018, 45 (11):  675-680.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.008 Abstract ( 680 )   PDF (768KB) ( 620 )   Save Objective To discuss the changes of serum gastric cancer associated antigen MG7 (MG7-Ag), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) levels before and after chemotherapy in patients with advanced cervical cancer and their relationships with the curative effect. Methods A total of 150 advanced cervical cancer patients with paclitaxel combined with cisplatin treatment were selected from June 2014 to June 2017 in our hospital, and 150 cases of healthy persons were selected at the same time. The serum MG7-Ag and CA125 levels of all persons were detected. The differences of MG7-Ag and CA125 levels between healthy persons and advanced cervical cancer patients were analyzed. And the changes of MG7-Ag, CA125 levels before and after chemotherapy and the relationships between the MG7-Ag, CA125 levels and the curative effect of chemotherapy were analyzed. Results The serum MG7-Ag and CA125 levels in the patients with advanced cervical cancer were significantly higher than those in the healthy persons ［(15.36±2.23) U/ml vs. (2.42±0.31) U/ml, (275.42±30.52) U/ml vs. (11.89±1.77) U/ml］, and the differences were statistically significant (t=26.215, P＜0.001; t=82.243, P＜0.001). After chemotherapy for 150 patients with advanced cervical cancer, the complete remission (CR) was 5 cases (3.33%), the partial remission (PR) was 58 cases (38.67%), the stable disease (SD) was 60 cases (40.00%), and the progression disease (PD) was 27 cases (18.00%). The MG7-Ag and CA125 levels after chemotherapy in the patients with CR and PR were decreased significantly than those before chemotherapy ［(7.12±1.22) U/ml vs. (15.12±3.32) U/ml, (180.34±22.42) U/ml vs. (274.21±30.82) U/ml, (9.22±1.77) U/ml vs. (15.52±3.53) U/ml, (206.75±23.02) U/ml vs. (276.12±30.92) U/ml］, and the differences were statistically significant (t=5.057, P=0.001; t=12.150, P＜0.001, t=5.507, P＜0.001; t=13.705, P＜0.001). The MG7-Ag and CA125 levels after chemotherapy in the patients with PD were increased significantly than those before chemotherapy ［(24.21±3.64) U/ml vs. (15.56±3.87) U/ml, (376.64±45.12) U/ml vs. (280.75±31.88) U/ml］, and the differences were statistically significant (t=8.460, P＜0.001; t=9.019, P＜0.001). The MG7-Ag, CA125 levels after chemotherapy in the patients with SD were increased than those before chemotherapy ［(16.01±2.37) U/ml vs. (15.67±3.55) U/ml, (285.26±37.34) U/ml vs. (277.04±31.73) U/ml］, but the differences were not statistically significant (t=0.617, P=0.538; t=1.299, P=0.196). The results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that, in the aspect of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of chemotherapy effect evaluation for cervical cancer, MG7-Ag decline percentage with >25% as the critical value were 82.54%, 82.76%, 82.67%, CA125 decline percentage with >18% as the critical value were 85.71%, 86.21%, 86.00%, and the combination of the two were 96.83%, 97.70%, 97.33%. The combination of the two were significantly higher than that of the two alone, and the differences were statistically signi-ficant (χ2=6.948, P=0.008; χ2=11.018, P=0.001; χ2=17.926, P＜0.001; χ2=4.881, P=0.027; χ2=7.768, P=0.005; χ2=12.611, P＜0.001). Conclusion The serum MG7-Ag and CA125 levels in patients with advanced cervical cancer are higher than those in healthy persons. The MG7-Ag and CA125 levels of patients with CR and PR are decreased after chemotherapy, and their changes of serum levels can be used as the important indexes for evaluating the efficacy of chemotherapy. The combined detection of them has the better evaluation efficiency, and it is worth for further clinical promotion. Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanisms of tumor-derived exosomes promoting tumor metastasis Wang Yi, Su Xiaosan 2018, 45 (11):  681-684.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.009 Abstract ( 763 )   PDF (659KB) ( 616 )   Save Exosomes are microvesicles ranging from approximately 40-150 nm in size, which mediate the exchange of information between cells by releasing proteins, nucleic acids, etc. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) may facilitate tumor metastasis through various mechanisms such as forming the premetastatic niche in the terminal organs, they can regulate immune cells and immune-related molecules in the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor immune escape, they can also induce tumor angiogenesis and increase vascular permeability, promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of tumor cells, etc. Understanding the mechanism of TEXs in tumor metastasis can provide new ideas for effective prevention and treatment of tumor metastasis. Related Articles | Metrics

Anti-tumor mechanism and application of tumor treatment of cold atmosphere plasma Wu Lan, Li Wei, Zhang Dawei, Jiang Xuejun 2018, 45 (11):  685-687.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.010 Abstract ( 550 )   PDF (649KB) ( 568 )   Save Cold atmosphere plasma (CAP) is the fourth state substance produced by gas thermal unbalanced ionization, which can influence tumor biological behavior by regulating a series of related genes and cell signaling pathways. CAP has the chemotherapeutic sensitization and is closely related to the characteristic of selective anti-tumor effect, which may become a very effective new treatment in the future Related Articles | Metrics

Long non-conding RNA TUG1 and digestive system cancers Shanshan, Zhou Yongning, Guan Quanlin 2018, 45 (11):  688-691.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.011 Abstract ( 683 )   PDF (660KB) ( 430 )   Save Taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) is a recently identified oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), that is overexpressed in various digestive system tumor tissues and cell lines, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma and biliary tract cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer. Studies have shown that TUG1 participates in tumor cells proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, and high expression of TUG1 is associated with clinicopathological features and prognosis of cancer patients, suggesting that lncRNA TUG1 is likely represents a feasible biomarker or therapeutic target in human digestive system cancers. Related Articles | Metrics

Progress in the study of preoperative evaluation and surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma Ni Chuandou, Song Chunfeng, Yang Mingjun, Xing Peng, Zhang Wei 2018, 45 (11):  692-695.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.012 Abstract ( 524 )   PDF (658KB) ( 544 )   Save Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is a malignant tumor from the biliary epithelium. Its incidence is concealed, the anatomical structure is relatively complex, and the prognosis is poor. Surgical treatment is the only way to get a cure. At present, there are still many controversies in the preoperative evaluation and surgical treatment of HCCA at home and abroad. Further research on preoperative imaging diagnosis of HCCA, preoperative biliary drainage, portal vein embolization, scope of surgical resection, vascular resection and reconstruction, and orthotopic liver transplantation may provide a new reference for clinical treatment of HCCA. Related Articles | Metrics

Study on cell matrix of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma Xing Rongchun， Qin Zhouping 2018, 45 (11):  696-698.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2018.11.013 Abstract ( 536 )   PDF (652KB) ( 497 )   Save The occurrence of pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is closely related to the biological immunological characteristics of the hematopoietic matrix of its cancer cells. The malignant characteristics of the cancer matrix play important roles in the malignant origin of tumors, avoiding immune surveillance, promoting tumor progression and growth, and increasing drug resistance and metastasis. Understanding the important roles of hyaluronic acid, Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-beta, CD40, Kras pathway and microRNA in the pathogenesis and development of PDAC, can provide new strategies for clinical treatment of PDAC. Related Articles | Metrics

Molecular targeted therapy in malignant melanoma Miao Qiuju, Wang Yifei, Xu Xiulian. 2018, 45 (11):  699-702.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2018.11.014 Abstract ( 503 )   PDF (661KB) ( 523 )   Save Malignant melanoma is the most common fatal skin tumor. Molecular targeted drugs effect on advanced and metastatic melanoma is remarkable, including mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, phosphatidylinositide 3kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, receptor tyrosine kinase (TKR) inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib, as the representative of the vRaf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BARF) kinase inhibitors, play important roles for malignant melanoma. However, the primary or acquired drug resistance to this drug limits its clinical use. At present, some new molecular targeted drugs such as Trametinib, representative of mitogenactivated extracellular signalregulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors, have been used and patients can benefit from the treatment. Studies on the mechanism of drug resistance and the combination of multiple target drugs also provide more potential for individualized molecular targeted therapy of malignant melanoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics