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08 April 2014, Volume 41 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Roles and resistance mechanisms of survivin in tumor ZHENG Ying, CHEN Qin, ZHANG Bin, CAO Xu-Chen 2014, 41 (4):  241-243.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2014.04.001 Abstract ( 497 )   PDF (773KB) ( 1391 )   Save Drug resistance in tumor treatment is an important factor that affects disease outcome. A lot of researches show that survivin can inhibit tumor cell apoptosis, regulate cell cycle, promote angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. The interactions among survivin, genes and proteins can influence the drug resistance of tumor cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Roles of TRIB3  in  unfolded  protein responseTian Shaobo TIAN Shao-Bo, LONG Yue-Ping 2014, 41 (4):  244-247.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.002 Abstract ( 625 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1247 )   Save Endoplasmic reticulum stress in tumor cells is common, the  accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum can lead to unfolded protein response (UPR). Research shows that UPR can protect cells,  reestablish endoplasmic reticulum function and homeostasis at initial stage, and can promote apoptotic at later stage. TRIB3 is one of the mammal pseudoprotein kinase family Tribbles, and plays an important pivotal role in UPR, which can not only promote apoptosis but also play a protective role. Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of autophagy and tumor stem cells ZHANG Lu-Lu, ZHANG Yue-Ying, ZHANG Wei-Dong 2014, 41 (4):  248-251.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.003 Abstract ( 698 )   PDF (692KB) ( 1742 )   Save The molecular mechanism of autophagy is complicated and it always affects the occurrence and development of tumor in many different degrees, so it is the new hot spot in pathological study area. The angiogenesis includes physiological vascularization and pathological vascularization, and the pathological new vessels which provide nutrition for the continuous growth of tumors have a close relationship to the development and metastasis of tumor. The process of angiogenesis can be affected by regulating the autophagy of vascular endothelial cells, which provides a new method for tumor therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

Autophagy and vascularization ZHAO Qian-Qian, ZHANG Yue-Ying, ZHANG Wei-Dong 2014, 41 (4):  251-254.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.004 Abstract ( 543 )   PDF (695KB) ( 1481 )   Save The molecular mechanism of autophagy is complicated and it always affects the occurrence and development of tumor in many different degrees, so it is the new hot spot in pathological study area. The angiogenesis includes physiological vascularization and pathological vascularization, and the pathological new vessels which provide nutrition for the continuous growth of tumors have a close relationship to the development and metastasis of tumor. The process of angiogenesis can be affected by regulating the autophagy of vascular endothelial cells, which provides a new method for tumor therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

Antitumor mechanisms of plant alkaloids FENG Xiao-Wei, TANG Xu-Dong 2014, 41 (4):  254-258.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.005 Abstract ( 853 )   PDF (707KB) ( 1266 )   Save Plant alkaloids have antitumor activities. In recent years, the antitumor mechanisms of plant alkaloid are demonstrated to be related to the block of tumor cell cycle, the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and multidrug resistance. In addition, most recently, plant alkaloids are found to inhibit telomerase activity and induce autophagy. Therefore, plant alkaloids may be developed into a sort of potential antitumor drugs. Related Articles | Metrics

Application of functionalized carbon nanotube in tumor targeted therapy JIANG Wen-Bin, WEN Shi-Hui, ZHAO Qing-Hua 2014, 41 (4):  258-260.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.006 Abstract ( 798 )   PDF (690KB) ( 1310 )   Save Targeted therapy means transporting drugs to certain tissue, aiming at increasing the utilization of drugs as well as reducing cytotoxicity. Chemotherapy drugs carried by carbon nanotube have high pharmaceutical activity and tumor control rate, compared with drugs alone. Carbon nanotube combined with immunotherapy drugs and nucleic acid can treat tumors at immunology and gene level. Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of radiationinduced xerostomia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma LUO Su-Mei, WEI Ji-Lou, WANG Ruo-Yu 2014, 41 (4):  261-264.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.007 Abstract ( 620 )   PDF (696KB) ( 1552 )   Save Radiationinduced xerostomia is the common radiotherapyrelated complication of nasopharyngeal cancer and other head and neck cancers. The cause is that the radioactive rays damage salivary gland acini, ducts, blood vessels and nerves at different levels, resulting in dry mouth, mucositis, sialadenitis, and even dysphagia, trismus and other symptoms. In addition, radiationinduced xerostomia has a close relation to the radiation effect on the genes. Reasonable application of cytoprotective agents and sialagogues is the main treatment means. Chinese medicine also plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of radiationinduced xerostomia in recent years. Related Articles | Metrics

Current situation of hypopharyngeal cancer radiotherapy YUAN Jing, QIAO Xue-Ying 2014, 41 (4):  264-267.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.008 Abstract ( 832 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1772 )   Save Hypopharyngeal cancer is not common and its prognosis is among the worst in head and neck cancer. Radiation therapy is an important choice of treatment, including radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy combined with surgery and radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy. The improvement of radiation therapy improves the prognosis of hypopharyngeal cancer patients, and radiotherapy combined with surgery is the standard treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer. Nowadays, in order to enhance the preserving rates of the organ and fuction,  radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is becoming a research hotspot. Related Articles | Metrics

Prevalence and risk factors of thyroid carcinoma CAO Ling-Zhi, XIE Jian-Ping, PENG Xiao-Dong 2014, 41 (4):  267-270.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.009 Abstract ( 742 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1186 )   Save The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is associated with a variety of factors. Radiation is the clear risk factor, the relationship between iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma remains controversial. Researches show that the genetic and epigenetic changes of many signaling pathways are the key of molecular pathogenetic mechanism of thyroid carcinoma. In addition, thyroid stimulating hormone, body mass index and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis are also associated with thyroid carcinoma. Related Articles | Metrics

Prevalence and risk factors of thyroid carcinoma ZHANG Bai-Hong, YUE Hong-Yun 2014, 41 (4):  270-272.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.010 Abstract ( 686 )   PDF (690KB) ( 1781 )   Save The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is associated with a variety of factors. Radiation is the clear risk factor, the relationship between iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma remains controversial. Researches show that the genetic and epigenetic changes of many signaling pathways are the key of molecular pathogenetic mechanism of thyroid carcinoma. In addition, thyroid stimulating hormone, body mass index and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis are also associated with thyroid carcinoma. Related Articles | Metrics

Roles of connexin in breast cancer XIA Chen, ZHUANG Zhi-Gang 2014, 41 (4):  273-276.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.011 Abstract ( 605 )   PDF (695KB) ( 1197 )   Save The previous studies identify connexin as a tumor suppressor gene, which inhibits the occurrence and development of breast cancer. However, some researches of resent years demonstrate that the expression level of connexin in a large part of metastatic breast cancer is elevated and connexin may promote breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, connexin may play different roles by different mechanisms in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Rational use of connexin in breast cancer treatment can be beneficial to breast cancer patients. Related Articles | Metrics

Roles of Kras gene in nonsmall cell lung cancer WANG Liu-Chun, LI Kai 2014, 41 (4):  276-279.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.012 Abstract ( 659 )   PDF (699KB) ( 1070 )   Save K-ras gene is one of oncogenes in nonsmall cell lung cancer, and it can promote tumor cells growth after mutations by several signaling pathways. Kras mutations frequently occur in lung adenocarcinoma patients with smoking history. In the present study, Kras mutations are associated with resistence to targated therapy and may be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

Regimens for inoperable locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer XI Jiang, LI Wen-Hui, WANG Li 2014, 41 (4):  279-282.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.013 Abstract ( 686 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1245 )   Save Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the optimal regimen for patients with inoperable locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (LANSCLC). The application of new technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and four dimensional CT (4DCT) enhances the accuracy of radiotherapy and decreases adverse reaction. Induction chemotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy do not show benefit to survival. The targeted therapy and immunotherapy have the potential of improving the outcomes of inoperable LANSCLC. Related Articles | Metrics

Maintenance treatment of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer 吕Kun-Xiang , LI Wen-Hui, HOU Yu, ZHANG Ming, WANG Li, XI Jiang 2014, 41 (4):  283-285.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.014 Abstract ( 722 )   PDF (689KB) ( 1327 )   Save Currently platinumbased double chemotherapy is the standard firstline treatment for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). When the disease is under control, the next step after a standard course of chemotherapy is controversial, and maintenance treatment is used in the treatment of advanced NSCLC increasingly. Maintenance treatment of advanced NSCLC includes continue maintenance treatment and  medication changed maintenance therapy. currently used for maintenance therapy with pemetrexed and erlotinib are shown to improve overall survival, which are usually used for maintenance treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical study on the relationship between pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer ZHANG Lin-Lin, GUO Qi-Sen 2014, 41 (4):  286-289.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.015 Abstract ( 504 )   PDF (695KB) ( 1445 )   Save The pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis involves inflammatory mediators reaction, and the pathogenesis of lung cancer is complex, involving multiple genes and molecules. The lung cancer has some relevance with pulmonary tuberculosis in terms of immune abnormalities, antituberculosis drugs, scar repair, chronic inflammation and tuberculin virulence. The treatment of tuberculosis patients with lung cancer is limited to chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Related Articles | Metrics

MicroRNAs and colorectal cancer ZHANG Ling-Min, WANG Ya-Xu 2014, 41 (4):  290-293.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.016 Abstract ( 624 )   PDF (696KB) ( 1722 )   Save MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and tumor occurrence and play an important role in regulation. Many studies show that miRNAs can regulate the expression of target gene, which is associated closely with the occurrence, development, chemosensitivity and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Detection of miRNAs is expected to formulate more detailed individualized chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients and improve their prognosis. Related Articles | Metrics

DNA methylation and its application in the diagnosis and treatment of renal carcinoma LIN Shao-Kun, XIN Jun, XU Rong,Ouyang-Yong-E , CHEN Yi-Feng, ZHENG Jin-Yang, XIN Ming-Hua, CHEN Guang-Fu 2014, 41 (4):  294-296.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.017 Abstract ( 805 )   PDF (689KB) ( 1454 )   Save Researches show that the tumor related gene promoter methylation is an important reason of renal cancer and is closely associated with the differentiation, invasion, metastasis, staging and prognosis of tumor. Methylation detection of related tumor suppressor genes is helpful in early diagnosis of renal cancer. Methyltransferase inhibitors can reverse abnormal methylation of tumor cells, increase the curative effect of other chemotherapy drugs and play an important role in the treatment of renal cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

Expression characteristics of 123Ivascular endothelial growth factorbinding sites on tumor cells CHEN Wen-Biao, LI Shu-Ren, QI Su-Wen, CHEN De-Hang, DAI Yong 2014, 41 (4):  297-301.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.018 Abstract ( 783 )   PDF (765KB) ( 1560 )   Save ObjectiveTo explore the expression characteristics of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR). MethodsThe 123IVEGF165 and 123IVEGF121 were marked to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), several human tumor cell lines (HMC1, A431, KU812, U937, HEP1, HEPG2, HEP3B and Raji), a variety of human tumors and adjacent nonneoplastic tissues as well as peripheral blood cells. Then， the specific binding site maximal binding capacity (Bmax), dissociation constant (Kd) and concentration of 50% required specific binding (IC50) were analyzed. The affinity, quantity and specificity of different cells combined with 123IVEGF165 and 123IVEGF121 were judged. ResultsTwo kinds of analogous 123IVEGF165 binding sites on the surface of HUVEC were found. While, there was only one kind of 123IVEGF121 binding site.123IVEGF121 was found on the special cell lines (HUVEC, HEP1 and HMC1) and special early tumors (early melanoma, ductal breast cancer, ovarian cancer and meningioma). Compared with peripheral blood cells and adjacent nonneoplastic tissues,  the number of VEGFR of tumor cells was bigger. Among the 123IVEGF165 marked VEGFR, the Bmax value of early melanoma, ductal breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma were 45±13, 13±3, 25±8, 5±2, 42±12, 20±6, respectively. While among the 123IVEGF121 marked VEGFR, the Bmax value of early melanoma, ductal breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma were 30±8, 8±3, 20±6. 123IVEGF165 and 123IVEGF121 had specific binding capacity with a variety of human tumor cells and tissues. Compared with 123IVEGF121, there were more different kinds of tumor cells could be bound to 123IVEGF165 with higher capacity. Conclusion123IVEGF165 may be a potential target of tumor imaging in vivo, and it is expected to be used to diagnose and treat tumors. Related Articles | Metrics

Survey of CT radiation dose to 1 200 cancer patients LI Shu-Li, LI Qing, ZHANG Yi, LIU Cheng, ZHANG Lin 2014, 41 (4):  302-305.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.019 Abstract ( 812 )   PDF (693KB) ( 2103 )   Save ObjectiveTo survey the CT radiation dose to cancer patients, and to compare it with diagnostic reference level (DRL) provided by newly issued national standard. MethodsComputed tomography dose index weighted (CTDIw) of 5 CT equipments was measured by the standard phantom with typical scanning protocol and radiation dose parameters including average computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), 75%DLP with 900 adult and 300 pediatric cancer patients were collected. According to age stage, effective dose was estimated. ResultsThe measured CTDIw for head scanning was on the same level with DRL, while lumbar vertebra and abdominal scanning were lower than DRL. To adults, DLP of cerebrovascular enhanced scanning and effective dose of abdominal enhanced scanning were the highest. To pediatric patients, there was no significant difference in DLP among different ages. ConclusionCTDI only reflects the dose contribution from a slice, but do not reflect the cumulative dose. For the patients need multiphase scanning, because they may be exposed to high dose, national standard should provide DLP value as the diagnostic reference level. Using individual scanning protocol is an effective method to reduce radiation dose of pediatric patient. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Reproducibility of contouring parotid gland using CT and MR images in radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma WANG Meng-Sen, HOU Qing-Zhen, ZHANG Yong, QU Wei, LI Jia, HE Wei, YU Yong-Hua 2014, 41 (4):  306-309.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.020 Abstract ( 660 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1262 )   Save ObjectiveTo investigate the reproducibility and consistency in contouring parotid gland volume based on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during radiotherapy. MethodsTwentyseven patients with nasopharyngeal cancer in Shandong Cancer Hospital from December 2012 to May 2013 were randomly enrolled and underwent intensified CT and MR imaging before radiotherapy. The parotid gland were contoured with unified standard on both CT and T1MR images by 11 radiotherapists. Specifically, one radiotherapist sketched the parotid gland on CT and MR images for ten times as intragroup comparison, the other ten were asked to sketch the parotid gland on CT and MR images only once as intergroup comparison. The intra and intergroup′s variations of parotid gland volumes were analysed. ResultsThe average volumes of intragroup on CT and MR images were (33.8±9.4) cm3 (L), (33.2±7.6) cm3 (R) and (24.4±7.6) cm3 (L), (22.5±7.4) cm3 (R). As well, for intergroup the average volumes were (34.6±12.1) cm3 (L), (34.3±9.0) cm3 (R) and (24.6±7.6) cm3 (L), (23.2±8.1) cm3 (R), respectively. The volume variable ratios on CT images were (6.8±1.5)% (L), (6.3±1.5)% (R) for intragroup and (18.0±4.8)% (L), (17.4± 4.6)% (R) for intergroup. Similarly, the intra and intergroup ratios for contouring on MR images reached (2.3±0.4)% (L), (2.1±0.7)% (R) and (4.7±0.7)% (L), (5.0±0.6)% (R), respectively. ConclusionParotid gland contouring based on MR images has a better reproducibility and consistency than that based on CT images. It is beneficial to get a more objective and true indicator to estimate the radiation injury of parotid gland. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Association between Ile105Val polymorphism of GSTP1 and sensitivity to platinumbased chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a Metaanalysis DENG Cheng-Hui, GUAN Quan-Lin, JIANG Lei, LI Xiao-Qi, GAN Liang-Liang, WEI Kong-Kong 2014, 41 (4):  309-314.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.021 Abstract ( 752 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 1360 )   Save ObjectiveTo quantitatively evaluate the association between Ile105Val polymorphism of glutathione Stransferase pi (GSTP1) and sensitivity to platinumbased chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. MethodsThe relevant published literatures about Ile105Val polymorphism of GSTP1 and sensitivity to platinumbased chemotherapy in gastric cancer were retrieved from China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), VIP, Chinese Biomedical Literature Data (CBM), WanFang databases, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Clinical response (complete response and partial response) was employed to estimate chemosensitivity. Metaanalysis was conducted by the RevMan 5.2 software, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Publication bias was identified using Stata 12.0 software. ResultsA total of 724 cases from 6 casecontrol trials were included. The results of Metaanalysis showed the different statistical significance was found between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and clinical response in the follow genotypes ［GG+GA vs AA: OR=2.38, 95%CI (1.29～4.38); GG vs GA+AA: OR=3.66, 95%CI (1.18～11.39); GG vs AA: OR=4.42, 95%CI (1.28～15.26)］ and Asian population subgroups ［GG+GA vs AA: OR=2.93, 95%CI (1.33～6.48)］. ConclusionPolymorphism of GSTP1 Ile105Val(A/G) may be associated with platinumbased chemosensitivity in advanced gastric cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

CHST13 inhibits the invasive property of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells LI Yan-Ping, LIU You-Xun, MA Hong-Ye, WANG Ning, ZHANG Xu 2014, 41 (4):  314-318.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2014.04.022 Abstract ( 650 )   PDF (1923KB) ( 1490 )   Save ObjectiveTo clarify the association between chondroitin4Osulfotransferase3 (CHST13) and hepatoma metastasis by the research of differential expression of CHST13 in MHCC97H and MHCC97L human hepatocarcinoma cell lines, which have high and low metastatic potential, respectively, and to confirm novel target of hepatoma metastasis and antitumor therapy. MethodsThe differential expressions of CHST13 in MHCC97H and MHCC97L human hepatocarcinoma cell lines were analyzed by realtime PCR, Western blot. CHST13  was silenced using RNA interference approach to detect the invasive ability in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo in MHCC97L cells. ResultsThe expression of CHST13 was different in MHCC97L cells, as compared to those in MHCC97H cells. Knockdown of CHST13 expression enhanced MHCC97L cells invasion and tumorigenicity both in vitro (t=2.8, P=0.005) and in vivo (t=2.5, P=0.01). The quantity of cells which crossed basement membrane increased ［(30±3)∶(14±2)］, and the average weight of tumor increased ［(0.9±0.10) g∶(0.5±0.06) g］. ConclusionThe differential expressions of CHST13 in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines correlate with tumor invasion and tumorigenicity, and it is expected to be a novel target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics