Abstract:

Tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors （ICIs） present a dual nature，offering therapeutic benefits alongside possible toxic side effects. Despite their significant clinical advantages，immune-related adverse events （irAEs） are major concern. In particular，the multi-organ irAEs （MO-irAEs） caused by ICIs present complex clinical manifestations，affecting a high proportion of critically ill patients. There is a lack of clinical awareness and attention towards these adverse events，making management relatively difficult，thus potentially threatening the life of patients. Reasonable application of hormones and immune modulators，along with symptomatic and supportive treatment，as well as careful monitoring and long-term follow-up are crucial measures to control MO-irAEs. Clinical characteristics，peripheral blood indicators，and genetic predisposition can serve as predictive markers for MO-irAEs occurrence and progression to some extent. A comprehensive understanding of clinical features，intervention measures，prognosis，potential molecular mechanisms and predictive factors of MO-irAEs can help to effectively control MO-irAEs，ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Key words: Neoplasms, Immune checkpoint inhibitors, Adverse events, Multi-organ irAEs