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08 July 2017, Volume 44 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effect of exogenous dsRNA on expression of p21 in renal clear cell carcinoma cells Huang Geng, Jiang Weidong, Mao Qing, Gui Dingwen 2017, 44 (7):  481-484.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.001 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (997KB) ( 787 )   Save ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of dsP21555 transfection on the expression of tumor suppressor gene p21 in renal clear cell carcinoma cell lines ACHN and 786O. MethodsRenal clear cell carcinoma cells were transfected with dsControl and dsP21555 with Lipofectamine 3000 respectively. Realtime quantitative PCR (RTqPCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of p21 mRNA and protein. Cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry (FCM). Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by cell viability assay (MTS method) and colony culture assay. ResultsIn ACHN and 786O cells, the expressions of p21 mRNA in dsP21555 group (2.86±0.33, 1.96±0.35) were significantly higher than those in dsControl group (1.05±0.34, 1.01±0.14), which were increased to 2.72 times (t=7.640, P<0.001) and 1.95 times (t=5.058, P=0.002). Western blotting showed that the expressions of P21 protein were upregulated in both renal cell lines, which was consistent with p21 mRNA upregulation. The result of FCM showed that the cell cycle was blocked in G0G1 phase (57.08%±5.66% vs. 46.06%±4.60%, t=3.023, P=0.023; 61.58%±6.23% vs. 42.25%±6.08%, t=4.444, P=0.004) after transfection of dsP21555 in renal clear cell carcinoma cells. MTS result showed that the vitality of both cell lines after transfection of dsP21555 decreased compared with dsControl group， their absorbance values were 0.85±0.20 vs.1.27±0.13, t=3.410, P=0.014; 1.04±0.25 vs.1.55±0.10, t=3.758, P=0.009. Colony culture experiments showed that the numbers of colonies formed by ACHN and 786O in the dsControl group were 110.91±26.21 and 129.99±22.87 respectively, and the numbers of colonies formed in the dsP21555 group were 59.37±14.23 (t=3.456, P=0.014) and 71.26±21.38 (t=3.745, P=0.010), indicating that the proliferation of cells in the dsP21555 group was significantly reduced. ConclusiondsP21555 can upregulate the expression of p21 gene in renal clear cell carcinoma cells and inhibit the growth of carcinoma cells, suggesting that dsP21555 may become a new gene therapy tool. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Effect of microRNA206 on the growth of prostate cancer cells by interfering with the expression of CDK4 and GAK Huang Geng, Jiang Weidong, Mao Qing, Gui Dingwen 2017, 44 (7):  485-489.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.002 Abstract ( 409 )   PDF (1156KB) ( 1039 )   Save ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of microRN206 (miR206) on the expression of Cyclindependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and Cyclin Gassociated protein kinase (GAK), and the growth of prostate cancer cells. MethodsProstate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC3 were transfected with miRNC (the control group) or miR206 (the experimental group). The expressions of CDK4 and GAK mRNA were detected by realtime quantitative PCR (qRTPCR). The expressions of CDK4 and GAK protein were detected by Western blotting. Cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry. EdU proliferation assay and colony forming assay were used to analyze the cell proliferation ability. ResultsIn DU145 and PC3 cells, the expressions of CDK4 mRNA in miRNC group were 1.00±0.09, 1.00±0.10, the expressions of GAK mRNA were 1.00±0.05, 1.00±0.06. The expressions of CDK4 mRNA in miR206 group were significantly decreased in DU145 (0.36±0.18; t=6.572, P=0.001) and PC3 cell lines (0.43±0.17; t=5.794, P=0.001). The expressions of GAK mRNA were also significantly decreased in DU145 (0.23±0.04; t=22.420, P<0.001) and PC3 cell lines (0.32±0.08; t=14.500, P<0.001). Western blotting results were consistent with qRTPCR results. The results of flow cytometry showed that compared with the miRNC group of DU145 and PC3 cell lines, the percentage of cells in S phase (23.60%±5.68% vs. 32.53%±4.52%, t=2.462, P=0.049; 22.09%±4.35% vs. 30.96%±4.86%, t=2.720, P=0.035) and G2M phase (16.28%±7.12% vs. 26.63%±4.33%, t=2.484, P=0.048; 14.60%±1.62% vs. 24.68%±7.13%, t=2.758, P=0.033) decreased after transfection of miR206, and the percentage of cells in G0G1 phase (60.13%±5.82% vs. 40.84%±5.37%, t=4.872, P=0.003; 63.31%±3.27% vs. 44.36%±3.82%, t=7.533, P<0.001) increased. The results of EdU proliferation assay showed that the proliferation abilities were significantly attenuated after transfection of miR206 (22.56±3.81 vs. 38.90±8.51, t=3.503, P=0.013; 25.12±6.42 vs. 48.45±8.92, t=4.244, P=0.005). The results of colony formation experiments showed that the numbers of colonies formed by DU145 and PC3 in miRNC group were 218.66±44.59 and 177.35±24.49, respectively. The numbers of colonies formed in miR206 group were 125.38±32.80 (t=3.370, P=0.015) and 82.65±14.05 (t=6.708, P=0.001), suggesting that cell proliferation ability in miR206 group was reduced. ConclusionmiR206 significantly inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells by interfering with the expressions of CDK4 and GAK, suggesting that miR206 may be a molecular targeted therapy tool for prostate cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Effect and mechanism of microRNA24 on cell proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cell line U2OS He Qihua 2017, 44 (7):  490-495.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.003 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (1539KB) ( 1059 )   Save Objective  To investigate the effect of microRNA-24 (miR-24) on cell proliferation and migration in osteosarcoma cell line U2OS and its possible mechanism. Methods  U2OS cell line with miR-24 overexpression was established by transfecting miR-24 mimic, and then cell proliferation and migration in control group, negative control group and miR-24 over expression group were detected with realtime quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) assay, cell counting kit8 (CCK8) assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression and activation of nuclear factorκB (NF-κB) pathway were detected by Western blotting. ResultsThe expressions of miR24 in the control group, negative control group and miR24 overexpression group were 1.00±0.00, 1.03±0.08 and 2.46±0.29, with significant difference (F=11.026, P=0.012). Compared with the control group, the expression of miR-24 in human osteosarcoma U2OS cell line was significantly increased after transfecting miR24 mimic (t=4.604, P=0.009). After overexpression of miR24 for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, U2OS cell viabilities were decreased significantly compared with the control group ［(3.56±0.27)% vs. (8.63±0.79)%, t=3.896, P=0.016; (20.16±1.09)% vs. (54.77±5.42)%, t=4.813, P=0.008; (45.47±3.16)% vs. (95.52±8.56)%, t=7.173, P=0.002)］. After over expression of miR-24 for 24 h, the cell migration rates in control group, negative control group and miR24 overexpression group were (100.00±0.00)%, (99.26±5.85)% and (31.37±2.09)%, respectively, and there was statistically significant difference among the three groups (F=12.175, P=0.009); and compared with control group, cell migration rate was decreased significantly after overexpression of miR-24 (t=3.843, P=0.004). Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-24 upregulated the expression levels of epithelial cell markers E-cadherin (t=3.852, P=0.018) and β-catenin (t=3.512, P=0.024), while down regulated the expression levels of mesenchymal cell markers N-cadherin (t=3.832, P=0.018) and vimentin (t=4.058, P=0.012), with a suppressed EMT progress. Other than that, miR-24 over expression inhibited the expressions of NF-κB (p65) (t=4.813, P=0.008), phosphorylation inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB kinase α (p-IKK-α) (t=3.764, P=0.013) and phosphorylation inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase complex α (p-IκB-α) (t=4.064, P=0.012), suppressing the activation of NFκB pathway. Conclusion  miR-24 can suppress cell proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cell line U2OS in vitro, and its mechanism may be related to the suppression of NF-κB activation and EMT progression. It hints that miR-24 may be used as a potential new target for osteosarcoma therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Correlation between the level of serum anterior gradient 2 and clinical pathological characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients Lai Shijia, Zhao Dean, Tong Zide 2017, 44 (7):  496-499.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.004 Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (934KB) ( 723 )   Save Objective To determine the levels of serum anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) before and after treatment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, and investigate the relationship of AGR2 and clinical pathological characteristics of NPC patients. MethodsThe serum levels of AGR2 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 55 NPC patients (NPC group) before and after treatment, 30 patients with nasopharyngeal inflammation (inflammation group) and 20 healthy controls (health control group). The correlations between serum AGR2 before and after treatment and clinical pathological characteristics of NPC were analyzed. The NPC patients received radiotherapy and were followed up for 6 months, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated. ResultsThe serum AGR2 levels in NPC group before treatment, inflammation group and health control group were (22.92±5.24)μg/L, (9.50±4.15)μg/L and (8.75±2.18)μg/L respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (F=268.400, P=0.000). The level of serum AGR2 in NPC group was obviously higher than that in inflammation group (t=14.241, P=0.000) and health control group (t=15.254, P=0.000). The level of serum AGR2 in NPC group after treatment was significantly lower than that before treatment ［(15.15±10.33)μg/L vs. (22.92±5.24)μg/L, t=12.774, P=0.000］. In NPC patients, serum AGR2 levels of clinical ⅢⅣ stage group before and after treatment were higher than those of clinical ⅠⅡ stage group (t=5.938, P=0.000; t=0.759, P=0.032). Serum AGR2 levels of lymph node metastasis group before and after treatment were higher than those of no lymph node metastasis group (t=6.879, P=0.000; t=2.700, P=0.009). Serum AGR2 levels of carotid sheath and skull base involvement groups before treatment were higher than those of noninvolvement groups (t=8.342, P=0.000; t=8.255, P=0.009). Serum AGR2 levels of cranial nerve involvement group before and after treatment were higher than those of noninvolvement group (t=7.743, P=0.000; t=3.021, P=0.004). The serum AGR2 level after treatment in complete response patients ［(13.86±2.93)μg/L］ was significantly lower than that in partial response patients ［(15.85±3.24)μg/L， t=2.267, P=0.028］ and invalid patients ［(20.65±6.59)μg/L， t=4.935, P=0.000］. The serum AGR2 level in partial response patients was significantly lower than that in invalid patients (t=3.196, P=0.004). ConclusionThe level of serum AGR2 in NPC patients increases obviously. AGR2 plays an important role in the genesis and development of NPC, and can be used as a new marker of NPC for judging the clinical therapeutic efficacy and prognosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expression and clinical significance of CAK complex in estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer Li Dan, Hu Haifeng, Xia Xiulin 2017, 44 (7):  500-503.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.005 Abstract ( 490 )   PDF (931KB) ( 887 )   Save Objective To evaluate the expression and clinical significance of cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)activating kinase (CAK) complex including CDK7, cyclin H and accessory protein menage a trios 1 (MAT1) in estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer. MethodsA total of 40 patients with estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer from Department of Galactophore, Baoji Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Shaanxi Province were investigated in this study. Breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from patients undergoing surgery. The mRNA expressions of CDK7, cyclin H and MAT1 in two types of tissues were measured by realtime fluorescent quantitative (qRT)PCR, and their correlations with clinicopathologic features of patients were analyzed. ResultsThe expressions of CDK7, cyclin H and MAT1 in cancer tissues were 2.54±0.78, 2.21±0.56 and 2.46±0.58, while those in adjacent normal tissues were 1.26±0.30, 1.16±0.42 and 1.17±0.39, and there were significantly differences between different types of tissues (t=9.654, P<0.001; t=9.433, P<0.001; t=11.741, P<0.001). The higher expressions of cyclin H and MAT1 in patients′ cancer tissues had the lower clinical stage, with significant correlations (U=3.17, P=0.01; U=2.53, P=0.01). In addition, the tumors were smaller in patients with higher expression levels of MAT1 (χ2=14.16, P=0.01). ConclusionThe expressions of CAK complex CDK7, cyclin H and MAT1 are elevated in estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer patients. Cyclin H and MAT1 are closely associated with clinical grade, and MAT1 is also significantly associated with tumor size. References | Related Articles | Metrics

A phase Ⅱ prospective study on raltitrexed combined with concurrent radiotherapy for elderly esophageal carcinoma Zhang Wei, Guan Luan, Yin Haitao, Zhou Chong, Wu Chengjun 2017, 44 (7):  504-507.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.006 Abstract ( 481 )   PDF (1015KB) ( 779 )   Save ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical effects and adverse reaction of raltitrexed combined with radiation for esophageal carcinoma in elderly patients. MethodsSixty patients were randomly divided into two groups by the envelope method, 30 patients in experimental group received raltitrexed combined with radiotherapy and 30 patients in control group received radiotherapy only. Patients in both groups received conventional radiotherapy with a total dose of 5660 Gy/2830 F. In experimental group, raltitrexed 2.6 mg/m2 was administered concurrently with the radiotherapy on d1 and d22. Two cycles of concurrent chemotherapy were administered during radiotherapy. The shortterm effects, survival times and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. ResultsThe total effective rates of experimental group and control group were 93.3% and 73.3%, respectively, and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2=4.320, P=0.038). The median survival times of experimental group and control group was 24.0 months and 12.0 months, respectively, and there was statistically significant difference by Logrank test (χ2=6.048, P=0.014). The major adverse reactions of grade 34 in experimental group and control group were radiationinduced esophagitis (10.0% vs. 3.3%; χ2=0.268, P=0.605), leukopenia (13.3% vs. 10.0%; χ2=0.000, P=1.000), thrombocytopenia (3.3% vs. 0; P=1.000), nausea and vomiting (6.7% vs.0; χ2=0.517, P=0.472), and the differences were not statistically significant. ConclusionRaltitrexed combined with radiotherapy can enhance the shortterm effect and prolong the survival time for the elderly esophageal carcinoma patients, and the adverse reactions are mild. It is worthy of further clinical study. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Correlations between cancer related fatigue and serum inflammatory factors and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer Gao Guangchao, Chen Zongyan, Ji Yanbo, Sun Feifei, Dai Beibei, Yu Xiaoxia, Xu Cuiping 2017, 44 (7):  508-511.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.007 Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (931KB) ( 853 )   Save Objective  To investigate the levels of cancer related fatigue (CRF) and the correlations between CRF and serum inflammatory factors and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Methods  The CRF level was assessed by brief fatigue inventory (BFI). The level of C reactive protein (CRP) was measured by immunoturbidimetry, and the level of cortisol was measured by electrochemiluminesence. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results  The average total score of CRF was 3.15±1.93, and the degree was mild to moderate, which was positively correlated with the CRP (r=0.321, P=0.000), TNF-α (r=0.265, P=0.000), NE (r=0.174, P=0.015) and ACTH (r=0.257, P=0.000)， but was not correlated with the cortisol (r=0.033， P=0.652). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (t=8.081, P=0.000), education (t=-4.244, P=0.000), treatment (t=4.563, P=0.000), time from diagnosis to sampling (t=3.453, P=0.001) and CRP (t=2.837, P=0.006) were important factors of CRF. Conclusion  The CRF status is common in gastrointestinal cancer patients. The CRF is correlated with the NE and ACTH of HPA axis. Medical staff should pay attention to the inflammatory factors and hormone levels to improve the fatigue status and the quality of patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of programmed cell death 4 in tumors Zhao Lili, Zhang Mei, Zhu Yaodong 2017, 44 (7):  512-515.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.008 Abstract ( 441 )   PDF (934KB) ( 1043 )   Save Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a newly discovered tumor suppressor gene, whose expression is regulated by methylation of PDCD4 gene and many kinds of microRNAs. Protein of PDCD4 encoding can improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to anticancer agents, inhibit tumor development and metastasis process, and play an important role in a variety of tumors. It is expected to be a clinical indicator to determine the prognosis of tumor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Association between aquaporin 1 and malignant tumors Li Ping, Liu Xin, Liu Honglu, Wang Xicai 2017, 44 (7):  516-518.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.009 Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (858KB) ( 919 )   Save Aquaporin1 (AQP1) is a member of a family of specific channel proteins which could mediate the transbiofilm transportation of small molecules such as water. Recent studies have shown that AQP1 is highly expressed in cancer tissues. It also has an effect on the proliferation and migration of cancer cells, angiogenesis in cancer and so on. AQP1 is expected to be a marker of screening, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis at tumor early stage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cancer and aging Zhang Baihong, Yue Hongyun 2017, 44 (7):  519-521.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.010 Abstract ( 469 )   PDF (718KB) ( 1028 )   Save The similar mechanism of human cancer and aging means that cancer is the natural result of aging. Mitochondrial replacement, genome editing, telomere synthesis and immune editing can induce cancer cell senescence and resist human aging, which may breach a limit to human lifespan. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Cholesterol metabolism and malignant tumors Shi Yuanyuan, Lu Ning 2017, 44 (7):  522-525.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.011 Abstract ( 853 )   PDF (704KB) ( 2604 )   Save Studies have shown that cholesterol metabolism plays an important role in tumorigenesis and development. At the same time, it is also shown an important application value in predicting the prognosis of malignant tumors. Cholesterol can improve the longterm quality of life and survival of cancer patients by appropriating risk stratification of these malignant tumors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Advances of human papillomavirus therapeutic vaccine Wang Yinghai, Zhang Hongping, Yu Jing, Li Chunlin, Lu Yihan 2017, 44 (7):  526-530.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673422X.2017.07.012 Abstract ( 567 )   PDF (716KB) ( 1250 )   Save Human papillomavirus continuous （HPV） infection is an essential factor to induce cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Treating HPV infection is considered as a starting point to develop an effective therapeutic vaccine, which is a new strategy for prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. In recent years, development and trials of therapeutic HPV vaccine have made great progress. Selection of vectors, utilization of adjuvants, synthesis of fusion proteins and chimeric proteins have been widely applied to research to enhance vaccine immunogenicity, to increase vaccination safety, to reduce the side effect and so on. The clinical trial results are encouraging: various types of vaccines can induce a specific immune response with good tolerance. However, numerous studies are still required to obtain further success. In addition, HPV exists in various forms, thus it is also the focus of study to expand the range of action and reduce immune escape. References | Related Articles | Metrics

A new target for gene therapy—splicing factor PUF60 Zhang Cancan, Zhang Rong 2017, 44 (7):  531-533.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.013 Abstract ( 603 )   PDF (699KB) ( 1128 )   Save Poly(U) binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), a U2related splicing factor that facilitates 3′splicesite recognition at the early stage of spliceosome assembly. High expression of PUF60 is related to the occurrence of multiple tumors, such as colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, et al. PUF60 can regulate the expression of cmyc through the corehuman transcription factor Ⅱ basal transcription factor. AntiPUF60 antibodies are detected in the sera of patients with earlystage and recurrent tumor, and the levels are significantly decreased after the operation. PUF60 can be used as a combined or independent test index for the diagnosis of cancer, which can be a potential new target for gene therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

RNA related markers of thyroid cancer Chen Lili, Lan Kuixu 2017, 44 (7):  534-536.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.014 Abstract ( 609 )   PDF (696KB) ( 1072 )   Save In recent years, there is still an unbridgeable area in the early diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. Many scholars are committed to the research of molecular markers, and find that RNA markers associated with thyroid carcinoma are microRNAs, human telomerase reverse transcripase, trefail factor 3 and HMGA2 genes. Different genes are closely related to the occurrence, development of different types of thyroid cancers, and some genes may even affect the transfer of thyroid carcinoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expression and significance of tetraspanin in gastric cancer Nie Xiaofei, Qiu Zhenkang, Liu Ning, Qi Weiwei, Ding Aiping, Qiu Wensheng 2017, 44 (7):  537-540.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.015 Abstract ( 511 )   PDF (704KB) ( 1001 )   Save Tetraspanins are a class of cell surface glycoproteins that are expressed very broadly, which can form a complex tetraspanins net by combining with many kinds of cell surface molecules such as integrins, signal proteins, growth factors and so on. In recent years, more and more studies suggest that tetraspanins are closely related to the invasion and metastasis of malignancies and show a certain clinical value, which can be used as new diagnosis and prognosis indicators of malignancy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Non-coding small RNA and melanoma Chai Li, Kang Xiaojing 2017, 44 (7):  541-543.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.016 Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (697KB) ( 1044 )   Save Non-coding small RNA mainly includes microRNA, small interfering RNA and RNA interacting with PIWI protein. Studies have shown that non-coding small RNA plays an increasingly important role in the epigenetic regulation. Non-coding small RNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression by gene transcription, posttranscription and mRNA translation. Non-coding small RNA is closely related to many human diseases, especially the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of melanoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Therapeutic resistance of breast cancer stem cells and its related signaling pathway Tong Yalan, Han Tao, Liu Zhongzheng, Yuan Gang, Liang Yan, Liu Zhaozhe, Xie Xiaodong, Yue Chengshan 2017, 44 (7):  544-546.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.017 Abstract ( 465 )   PDF (756KB) ( 746 )   Save Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main causes leading to the failure of treatment of breast cancer and play important roles in the progression of breast cancer and drug resistance, which are closely related to the therapeutic resistance of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy. The metastatic potential and therapeutic resistance of CSCs are associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition and Hedgehog, Wnt, interleukin6/signal transduction and tanscriptional activation factor 3, transforming growth factorβ and other signaling pathways. While some of the targeted drugs targeting these signaling pathways are undergoing clinical transformation, which is expected to provide new approach for the clinical treatment of breast cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Advances of NSABP breast cancer trails in the past decade Huang Jiefeng, Lin Xiaorong, Wu Zhiyong 2017, 44 (7):  547-549.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.018 Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (698KB) ( 773 )   Save The research findings published by National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project have continued to change the clinical practice of earlystage breast cancer over the past decade. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become the new surgical operation standard. The aromatase inhibitor adjuvant endocrine therapy cycle has been extended from 5 years to 10 years, which benefits the patients with high risk and reactivity. Chemotherapy combined with trastuzumab has become the standard adjuvant therapy strategy of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive invasive breast cancer. In addition, the research progress is also related to the optimization of the fields including the postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Current situation and problems of breast conserving surgery Cai Wenrun, Yang Zhengjun, Cao Xuchen 2017, 44 (7):  550-553.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.019 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (706KB) ( 810 )   Save There is no difference between breast conserving surgery (BCS) combined with radiotherapy and radical surgery in outcomes. However, comparing with the radical surgery, BCS has little trauma, less bleeding and lower infection rate, which makes patients′ quality of life improved. In the practice of BCS, due to the disease, patients, physicians, socioeconomic, clinical, security and many other factors, there are still many controversial issuesin the doctorpatient communication, socioeconomic, aesthetic, margins width, precision operation procedures of BCS. At the same time, new surgical techniques such as plastic breast conserving surgery, and new intraoperative assessment equipment such as MarginProbe system and other new technology development has brought us new ideas to solve these problems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of proton therapy in rhabdomyosarcoma Li Yi, Zhang Qiuning, Wang Xiaohu 2017, 44 (7):  554-556.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.07.020 Abstract ( 443 )   PDF (698KB) ( 840 )   Save Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood. Radiation therapy has been integrated into the primary treatment of most patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, but which in turn potentially induces severe acute and late toxicities. Proton therapy in recent years has been more and more used in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma, which is safe and effective, with no serious adverse events. Compared with conventional photon therapy, proton therapy has distinct physical advantages and enables greater precision in the delivery of tumoricidal radiation doses with reduced irradiation of normal tissues, and improves quality of life for patients. Additional followup and prospectively studies are needed to determine whether proton therapy truly reduces the incidence and severity of late effects in comparison to patients treated with modern photon techniques. References | Related Articles | Metrics