Table of Content

08 June 2017, Volume 44 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

Study of signal transduction mechanisms of Xray induced multidrug resistance in nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma CNE1 cells Huang Ting, Liao Hehe, Liu Xiaodong, Wang Ruoyu 2017, 44 (6):  401.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.001 Abstract ( 634 )   PDF (1044KB) ( 870 )   Save ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between multidrug resistance of Xray irradiated human nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell line CNE1 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule1 (PECMA1)/phosphatidylinositol 3kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/Bcl2 signaling pathway. Methods①The CNE1 cells were cultured in incubator. Exponentially growing CNE1 cells were exposed to 50 Gy ionizing radiation administered in 25 fractions, 2 Gy per fraction, once every two days, and the CNE1/R cells were collected. ②CNE1/R cells were cultured for 24 h, and divided into three groups: the control group, experimental group one (CNE1/R cells were processed through 1∶600 PECAM1 antibody for 24 h) and experimental group two (CNE1/R cells were processed through 10 μmol/L PI3K inhibitor LY294002 for 24 h). ③The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the control group and two experimental groups of CNE1/R cells were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). ④The mRNA expressions of PI3K and Bcl2 in the control group and experimental group one were measured by semiquantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). ⑤The mRNA expressions of AKT and Bcl2 in the control group and experimental group two were measured by semiquantitative RTPCR. Results①The IC50 of the control group, experimental group one and two were (2.99±0.02)μg/ml, (1.50±0.03)μg/ml and (1.60±0.05)μg/ml, and the difference among the three groups was statiatically signficant （F=4 381.263， P=0.000）. The IC50 of the two experimental groups were obviously lower than that of the control group (t=116.885, P=0.000; t=73.006, P=0.000). ②The semiquantitative values of PI3K in the control group and experimental group one were 1.66±0.01 and 0.90±0.05 (t=50.394, P=0.000), and the semiquantitative values of Bcl2 were 1.66±0.02 and 0.71±0.05 (t=183.165, P=0.000), and the differences were statistically significant. ③The semiquantitative values of AKT of control group and experimental group two were 1.53±0.01 and 0.72±0.01 (t=135.281, P=0.000), and the semiquantitative values of Bcl2 were 1.66±0.02 and 0.63±0.02 (t=128.814, P=0.000), and the differences were statistically significant.  ConclusionPECAM1 induced multidrug resistance of human nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma CNE1 cells may be related to the activity of Bcl2 through the signal pathway of PI3K/AKT. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expression of C2orf40 protein and its clinical significance in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma Peng Lin, Huang Yiteng, Chen Jiongyu, Hong Chaoqun, Wu Xiao 2017, 44 (6):  406.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.002 Abstract ( 482 )   PDF (957KB) ( 747 )   Save ObjectiveTo evaluate the protein expression of chromosome 2 open reading frame 40 (C2orf40) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and cells, and to explore its association with cell differentiation and clinicopathological features. MethodsA total of 122 patients with NPC between January 2001 and December 2003 were enrolled in Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College. The paraffinembedded tissue sections and medical records were collected. Twentyfive samples with chronic nasopharyngitis were used as controls. Tumor and control tissues from biopsies underwent immunohistochemical staining for C2orf40. C2orf40 expression was analyzed with clinicopathological variables. Besides, the protein expressions of C2orf40 were measured by Western blotting in three NPC cell lines, including CNE1, CNE2 and C6661. ResultsNinetysix percent (24/25) of control tissues showed positive expression, among which 88.0% showed dense staining. Otherwise, only 58.3% (71/122) of NPC samples were positive for C2orf40 protein and 82.0% showed weak staining. There was significantly difference between the two groups (U=255.500, P＜0.001). It was inversely related to lymph nodes status (r=-0.058, P＜0.001) and clinical stage (r=-0.202, P=0.026) by Spearman rank correlation test. In vitro, higher level of C2orf40 protein was found in well differentiated CNE1 cells, while lower levels were found in poorly differentiated cell lines CNE2 and C6661. ConclusionDownregulated C2orf40 expression is correlated with tumor cell differentiation, lymph nodes metastasis and clinical stage, and may be a molecular event in the occurrence and development of NPC. C2orf40 is likely to be a potential target of anticancer therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expressions and clinical significances of ATF3 and Runx2 in breast carcinoma Huang Lijuan, Zhou Bingjuan, Cao Jianjiang, Zhang Nan, Chen Hong, Ma Qiushuang, Zhang Jinku 2017, 44 (6):  411.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.003 Abstract ( 580 )   PDF (799KB) ( 905 )   Save ObjectiveTo study the expressions and clinical significances of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and Runtrelated transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in breast carcinoma tissues. MethodsThe expressions of ATF3 and Runx2 were detected in 105 cases of primary breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and their matched paratumor breast tissues by immunohistochemistry. The relationships between the two transcription factors and the clinical pathological features of IDC patients were analyzed. ResultsThe positive expression rates of ATF3 and Runx2 in IDC group were 80.95% (85/105) and 69.52% (73/105) respectively, much higher than those in paratumor breast tissues 11.43% (12/105) and 8.57%(9/105), with statistically significant differences (χ2=102.097, P=0.000; χ2=11.595, P=0.001). ATF3 and Runx2 expressions showed significant relationships with histological grade (χ2=14.623, P=0.001; χ2=24.891, P=0.000), lymph node metastasis (χ2=7.059, P=0.008; χ2=6.358, P=0.012) and pTNM stage of IDC (χ2=5.807, P=0.016; χ2=4.902, P=0.027), while both were not correlated with patients′ age (χ2=0.274, P=0.601; χ2=1.554, P=0.213) and tumor size (χ2=2.476, P=0.290; χ2=5.261, P=0.072). There was a significant positive relationship between ATF3 and Runx2 in breast carcinoma (C=0.498, P=0.000). ConclusionThe overexpressions of ATF3 and Runx2 may participate in the tumorigenesis, invasion, metastasis and clinical stage of breast carcinoma, which suggests that they may be key factors to evaluate malignant degree and prognosis of breast carcinoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expressions of HIF-1α and CA9 in breast carcinoma and their relationships with basal-like subtype Sun Jirui, Zhou Bingjuan, Chen Hong, Ma Qiushuang, Zhang Jinku, Sun Zhe, Zhang Dongchen 2017, 44 (6):  415.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.004 Abstract ( 454 )   PDF (1327KB) ( 944 )   Save ObjectiveTo study the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor1α (HIF1α) and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in different molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma and their relationships with basallike subtype. MethodsThe expressions of HIF1α and CA9 were detected by immunohistochemistry in five subtypes of breast carcinoma （n=803）. The relationships of the expressions of HIF1α and CA9 with the clinicopathologic parameters of basallike subtype and with the prognosis of patients were analyzed. ResultsThe positive expression rates of HIF1α and CA9 protein in breast carcinoma were much higher than those in paratumor breast tissues (43.96% vs. 3.86%, χ2=354.858, P<0.001; 19.80% vs. 4.61%, χ2=86.495, P<0.001). The positive expression rates of HIF1α in Luminal A, Luminal B, epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2) overexpression, basallike and normal breastlike subtypes were 31.97%, 25.00%, 56.06%, 77.89% and 55.76% respectively, and the positive expression rates of CA9 were 7.48%, 5.56%, 60.61%, 40.00% and 27.88% respectively, with significant differences (χ2=88.628, P＜0.001; χ2=147.128, P＜0.001). The positive expression rates of HIF1α and CA9 in estrogen receptor (ER)negative breast carcinomas (HER2 overexpression, basallike and normal breastlike) were significantly higher than those in ERpositive subtypes (Luminal A and Luminal B, all P<0.005). There was a significant positive correlation between HIF1α and CA9 (C=0.315, P=0.001), and both were correlated with the lymph node metastasis (χ2=4.542, P=0.033; χ2=7.025, P=0.008), pTNM stage (χ2=5.390, P=0.020; χ2=10.179, P=0.001) and poor prognosis (χ2=4.353, P=0.037; χ2=6.056, P=0.014) of basallike subtype. ConclusionOverexpressions of HIF1α and CA9 may be related to the ERnegative breast cancer more closely, and both may play important roles in the occurrence and development of basallike subtype. Overexpressions of HIF1α and CA9 may suggest the poorer prognosis of patients with basallike breast carcinoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expression and clinical significance of C1orf63 in breast cancer Li Xuyuan,Hong Chaoqun 2017, 44 (6):  420.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.005 Abstract ( 482 )   PDF (750KB) ( 946 )   Save ObjectiveTo investigate the expression and clinical significance of C1orf63 in breast cancer. MethodsSixtyseven breast cancer tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues were collected, and the expression of C1orf63 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The relationships between C1orf63 and clinical pathological characteristics were examined with χ2 test. Independent prognostic factors were performed by the Cox regression model. ResultsPositive cytoplasmic expression of C1orf63 was observed in 21 (31.3%) of 67 primary tumors, but not in their matched adjacent noncancerous tissues, with significant difference (χ2=24.90, P＜0.01). There were no relationships between C1orf63 and age (χ2=0.06, P=0.79), T stage (χ2=0.50, P=0.47), N stage (χ2=1.41, P=0.23), TNM stage (χ2=0.29, P=0.58), estrogen receptor (χ2=0.82, P=0.36), progesterone receptor (χ2=0.31, P=0.57), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) expression (χ2=0.00, P=0.98). Multivariate analysis demonstrated N stage (HR=4.96, 95%CI: 2.0312.15, P＜0.01) and C1orf63 (HR=2.37, 95%CI: 1.055.37, P=0.04) were unfavorable prognostic factors. ConclusionThe high expression of C1orf63 in breast cancer may indicate poor prognosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical value and toxicities of docetaxel plus capecitabine in the first line treatment of metastatic breast cancer Ou Kaiping, Ma Fei, Zhang Yurong, Liu Weili, Lyu Jianhong, Zhou Hua 2017, 44 (6):  423.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.006 Abstract ( 455 )   PDF (891KB) ( 1030 )   Save ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical value and toxicities of docetaxel plus capecitabine in the firstline treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC), and compare the outcomes among different molecular subtypes. MethodsA total of 108 patients with MBC who received docetaxel plus capecitabine combination treatment between January 1， 2012 and December 31， 2015 in Bejing Chaoyang District Sanhuan Cancer Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, and 104 cases were available for evaluation. The clinicopathological characteristics, clinical value and toxicities of these patients were evaluated. ResultsThe patients were divided into 3 molecular subtypes, among 104 patients, 85 patients in Luminal subtype, 14 patients in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype, and 5 patients in human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2) over expression subtype. The treatment achieved objective responses (OR) in 55 patients (52.9%), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 88.5%, including complete response (CR) in 4 patients, partial response (PR) in 51 patients, stable disease (SD) in 37 patients, and progressive disease (PD) in 12 patients. In Luminal subtype, 4 patients achieved CR, 43 PR, 33 SD, and 5 PD. In TNBC subtype, 6 patients achieved PR, 3 SD, 5 PD. In the HER2 over expression subtype, 2 patients achieved PR, 1 SD, 2 PD. There was no significant difference in the shortterm therapeutic effect among 3 molecular subtypes (χ2=4.429, P=0.106). As a result, the progressionfree survival (PFS) of the 104 patients was 1.5121.0 months, and the median PFS was 10.0 months. The median PFS was 11.0 months in Luminal subtype, 4.0 months in TNBC subtype and 10.3 months in HER2 over expression subtype, with a significant difference (χ2=7.510, P=0.006). The most common adverse events were handfoot syndrome (HFS), nausea or vomiting, neutropenia, anaemia, diarrhea and so on. The incidence of grade 2/3 HFS was 44.2% (46/104), and the grade 3/4 neutropenia was 39.4% (41/104). ConclusionThe firstline treatment of MBC using docetaxel plus capecitabine is effective, and the toxicities can be tolerable, especially in the Luminal subtype. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Expression and clinical value of NRP-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma Chen Yu, Ji Hongchen, Cao Dayong, Li Xiao 2017, 44 (6):  428.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.007 Abstract ( 482 )   PDF (982KB) ( 777 )   Save ObjectiveTo determine the expression and clinical value of neuropilin1 (NRP1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MethodsOne hundred and fiftyone cases of HCC tissues and 89 cases of healthy liver tissues were chosen to compare the expression of NRP1 by immunohistochemistry. Then the relationships between different clinical factors and the expression of NRP1 were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Moreover, the survival rates were compared by survival analysis between different expressions of NRP1 in HCC patients. ResultsEleven cases were lost to followup or died for non HCC disease, and the effective cases in the final study were 140 cases. The positive expression rates of NRP1 in HCC and normal liver tissues were 65.00% and 35.96% respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=18.843, P<0.001). According to the expression level of NRP1, 140 patients with HCC were divided into negative expression group (n=49) and positive expression group (n=91). Univariate analysis showed that the expression of NRP1 in HCC was correlated with tumor number (χ2=8.025, P=0.005), TNM stage (χ2=26.467, P<0.001), differentiation degree (χ2=15.296, P<0.001), portal vein invasion (χ2=9.054, P=0.003) and hepatic vein invasion (χ2=5.928, P=0.015). Multivariate statistical analysis showed that TNM stage (OR=1.392, 95%CI: 1.1211.730, χ2=8.950, P=0.003), differentiation degree (OR=1.469, 95%CI: 1.1021.958, χ2=6.862, P=0.009), portal vein invasion (OR=1.829, 95%CI: 1.1572.893, χ2=6.665, P=0.010) and hepatic vein invasion (OR=2.161, 95%CI: 1.1723.987, χ2=6.084, P=0.014) were important factors for NRP1 expression. The median survival time of NRP1 negative HCC patients was significantly longer than that of positive group (44 months vs. 23 months), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=21.922, P<0.001). ConclusionNRP1 is overexpression in HCC tissue and related to the malignant progress of HCC, and this suggests poor prognosis in patients with HCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Relationship between APC gene 3′-untranslated region rs1804197 polymorphism and colorectal cancer susceptibility Chen Zhipeng, Lu Weidong, Zuo Yun, Zhu Lingjun, Song Yu, Zhou Fang, Zhang Yongqin 2017, 44 (6):  433.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.008 Abstract ( 456 )   PDF (1090KB) ( 864 )   Save ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the rs18004197 polymorphism in the 3′untranslated region of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and colorectal cancer susceptibility. MethodsFirstly, we collected the peripheral venous blood of 573 colorectal cancer cases and 588 controls, and then extracted DNA from blood samples, genotyped rs1804197 polymorphism using realtime PCR and assessed its association with the susceptibility of colorectal cancer. ResultsThere were 387 CC (67.5%), 153 AC (26.7%) and 33 AA (5.8%) genotypes in the colorectal cancer cases. In the control group, there were 427 CC (72.6%), 144 AC (24.5%) and 17 AA (2.9%) genotypes. The AA genotype odds ratio (OR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.173.91, P=0.011) and the A allele frequency (P=0.011) were significant difference in case and control groups. Further subgroup analysis showed that the differences of the frequency distribution in the male (P=0.048) and nondrinking (P=0.020) groups were statistically significant. In the male group, the risk of colorectal cancer was increased by 0.41 (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.011.98) for individuals bearing the A allele. In the nondrinking group, the risk of colorectal cancer was increased by 0.22 (OR=1.22, 95%CI: 0.911.64) for individuals bearing the A allele, but the result was not statistically significant. ConclusionThe rs18004197 polymorphism in the 3′untranslated region of APC gene is related to the susceptibility of colorectal cancer. The AA genotype may increase the susceptibility of colorectal cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Exosomal microRNAs and their roles in tumors Zhu Dongwei, Wang Yungang, Xia Xueli, Wang Shengjun 2017, 44 (6):  438.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.009 Abstract ( 409 )   PDF (677KB) ( 1050 )   Save Exosomes contain many components including variety kinds of lipids, proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs) and so on. They can transport their loaded substances to the recipient cells and play a role of biology. Exosomal miRNAs play important roles in the occurrence and development of tumors, and they are closely related to the tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance and immune regulation. Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs can be served as reference indexes for tumor metastasis and prognosis, which provide new targets for tumor therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of Dickkopf1 related tumor metastasis Zhu Qiumei, Zhang Yong 2017, 44 (6):  442.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.010 Abstract ( 508 )   PDF (671KB) ( 1013 )   Save As a secreted glycoprotein, Dickkopf1 (DKK1) is closely related to tumor metastasis, and it is highly or lowly expressed in tumor. The high expression of DKK1 promotes the metastasis of a variety of malignant tumors including liver cancer, gastric cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer and breast cancer. Recent studies have found that DKK1 is inextricably bound up with the latent metastasis of tumor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of miR-151-5p in tumor Ke Jianbo, Ling Zhiqiang, Shang Jinbiao 2017, 44 (6):  445.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.011 Abstract ( 550 )   PDF (671KB) ( 902 )   Save MicroRNA (miRNA) negatively regulates gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Studies find that the abnormal expression of miR1515p in various human tumors may play an important role in the development of human tumors, especially in the invasion and metastasis. Further studies of miR1515p contribute to a more indepth understanding of tumor invasion and metastasis, which have potential value in tumor diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanism of anti-tumor effect of dihydroartemisinin Peng Wenmiao, Fu Hongxing, Yu Lifang, Rao Zhiguo 2017, 44 (6):  448.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.012 Abstract ( 1239 )   PDF (680KB) ( 1428 )   Save Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the major active metabolite of artemisinin, participates in tumor progression through the following ways: forming free radicals to induce cancer cells death dependent on iron, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor cells invasion and metastasis, modulating multidrug resistance, controlling intracellular Ca2+ concentration, regulating cell cycles, cell autophagy and the immune system and so on. Generally, it is considered to be a potential antitumor drug. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Anti-cancer effects of Alternol and Alteronol on human cancers Liu Lihua, Li Benyi 2017, 44 (6):  452.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.013 Abstract ( 441 )   PDF (680KB) ( 1035 )   Save Alternol and Alteronol are two small chemical compounds purified from a mutant fungal. The in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have confirmed their potent anticancer effect. In vitro studies show that they can inhibit cell division and proliferation of a variety of tumors including prostate cancer, osteosarcoma and melanoma. They exert their anticancer effects by attenuating cell cycle protein expression and causing cell cycle arrest, suppressing tumor cell invasion and metastasis, reducing new blood vessel formation, decreasing the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl2 in malignant cells, and stimulating oxygen free radical accumulation. However, there is no significant cytotoxic effect on benign cells. Animal experiments show that these two compounds significantly inhibit xenograft growth derived from a variety of human malignant tumors, while there is no obvious side effect on normal tissue or organs. In conclusion, these two compounds are worthy to be developed as novel anticancer drugs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research advances of cancer therapy targeting HIF-1α-VEGF-VEGFR-2 signaling pathway for malignant tumors Sun Fei, Wang Jianlin, Yu Jingping 2017, 44 (6):  456.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.014 Abstract ( 662 )   PDF (681KB) ( 1189 )   Save Hypoxia inducible factor1α (HIF1α)vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)vascular endothelial growth factor receptor2 (VEGFR2) signaling pathway plays a vital role in the regulation of  neovascularization, and the activation of this pathway is closely related with tumor invasion and metastasis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Adverse reactions of the new generation of tumor immunotherapy and its management strategy Liu Zhongzheng, Xie Xiaodong 2017, 44 (6):  460.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.015 Abstract ( 529 )   PDF (681KB) ( 1334 )   Save In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has attracted more attention because of its remarkable curative effect in patients with advanced cancer, but often accompanied by immune related adverse events. Understanding the immune related adverse reaction rate, possible mechanism and adverse reaction evaluation criteria and treatment principle of the immune checkpoint inhibitors such as Ipilimumab, Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab, has important significance for the treatment of malignant tumor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of electric field in the treatment of glioma Mao Yun, Li Liya 2017, 44 (6):  464.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.016 Abstract ( 640 )   PDF (679KB) ( 1341 )   Save Electric field treatment of tumor technology is of great significance in the treatment of glioma, including direct current electric field and alternating electric field. Direct current electric field affects the migration of glioma cells, and can be used as a new clue for the treatment of glioma. While alternating electric field can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells, and induce apoptosis, and can obviously prolong the survival period of patients with glioma and improve their quality of life. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Application of antiangiogenesis therapy in the radiotherapy of esophageal cancer Feng Yue, Yu Jingping, Wang Jianlin 2017, 44 (6):  468.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.017 Abstract ( 554 )   PDF (679KB) ( 1201 )   Save Radiotherapy is the principle method of nonsurgical treatment for esophageal cancer. The 5year survival rate ranges from 20% to 40%. In recent years, the studies have found that antiangiogenesis therapy can not only directly inhibit tumor nutritional intake, but also turn around tumor hypoxia by normalizing tumor vessels so as to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, which is expected to become an effective way to improve the curative effect of esophageal cancer radiotherapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Progress of ALK gene inhibitors in the treatment of brain metastases from nonsmall cell lung cancer Sun Wenyu, Yan Pengfei, Yuan Yingli, Ma Kewei 2017, 44 (6):  472.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.018 Abstract ( 560 )   PDF (680KB) ( 959 )   Save Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is one of the most potent carcinogenic genes in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The firstgeneration ALK inhibitor such as crizotinib is superior to chemotherapy for NSCLC patients with ALK rearrangement. At the same time, more and more studies have reported ALK inhibitors in brain metastases of NSCLC patients with intracranial efficiency. However, despite the initial clinical data of firstgeneration ALK inhibitors in the treatment of ALKpositive NSCLC with brain metastases, different degrees of recurrence of tumors after acquired resistance have posed new challenges for followup treatment of cancer patients. A new generation of ALK inhibitors, such as alectinib, ceritinib, AP26113 and PF06463922 have emerged to solve this problem. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress of glucocorticoid receptor in urological malignant tumors Zhou Qidong, Jiang Guangliang, Xu Ke 2017, 44 (6):  476.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-422X.2017.06.019 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (678KB) ( 929 )   Save Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the steroid receptor superfamily, can mediate the signal pathway of ligands like glucocorticoids, regulate the transcription of target genes, and exert biological activity. GR is expressed in different degrees in three major kinds of urological malignant tumors including renal cancer, bladder cancer and prostate cancer. It also affects the metabolism of tumor cells, and is closely related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of tumors. GR provides an important clue for targeted therapy and endocrine therapy of urological malignant tumors. References | Related Articles | Metrics