Table of Content

08 May 2025, Volume 52 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

110th Anniversary of the Chinese Medical Association

Progress in individualized， precise and comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer Yi Yan, Li Baosheng 2025, 52 (5):  257-261.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250415-00044 Abstract ( 11 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (827KB) ( 8 )   Save The comprehensive treatment of esophageal cancer has undergone tremendous changes with the advent of the era of targeted and immunotherapy. The optimization of comprehensive treatment strategies will become increasingly precise with the deep research on biomarkers related to the therapeutic effect of esophageal cancer. With the precise implementation of various treatment methods， the therapeutic effect of esophageal cancer is bound to be significantly improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Surgical treatment for esophageal cancer： a comprehensive narrative review He Wenwu, Han Yongtao 2025, 52 (5):  262-267.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250410-00045 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (831KB) ( 3 )   Save Esophageal cancer is a highly prevalent and poorly prognostic malignant tumor of the digestive system worldwide. Surgical resection remains the key treatment for achieving long-term survival in patients with resectable disease. Surgical techniques are evolving from traditional open approaches to minimally invasive thoraco-laparoscopic procedures and robot-assisted surgeries. The concept of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment has facilitated the deep integration of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy into the perioperative setting， making the treatment model tend to attach equal importance to standardization and individualization. The continuous optimization of perioperative management and the application of enhanced recovery pathways have significantly accelerated the postoperative recovery of patients with esophageal cancer， and the prevention and control strategies for common postoperative complications have also become increasingly standardized. The choice of surgical methods for esophageal cancer is becoming increasingly precise， requiring comprehensive consideration of tumor location， histological type， and patient-specific factors. The application of new technologies such as intraoperative navigation， artificial-intelligence-assisted decision-making， biomarker analysis， and immune microenvironment integration continues to expand the scope of precision surgery. The surgical treatment of esophageal cancer is developing rapidly in the direction of minimally invasive， intelligent and systematic collaboration， with the potential to further improve the safety， standardization， and long-term efficacy of the treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Advances in precision radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Lyu Xiaoyan, Wang Yuan, Wang Jun 2025, 52 (5):  268-272.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250429-00046 Abstract ( 8 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (830KB) ( 3 )   Save Esophageal cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. About 85% of esophageal cancers are esophageal squamous cell carcinomas （ESCC）， the incidence of which shows significant geographical correlation and exhibits particularly high prevalence in East Asian countries and regions such as China. With the advent of precision medicine， therapeutic strategies for ESCC have evolved from single-modality approaches to a multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment paradigm encompassing surgical resection， systemic chemotherapy， radiotherapy， and immunotherapy. As one of the core treatment methods for ESCC， radiotherapy has made remarkable progress in recent years， driven by technological innovation and the coordinated development of multiple disciplines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Standard and Specification

Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment strategies for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma following progression on first-line immunochemotherapy in Sichuan Province Esophageal Cancer Professional Committee of the Sichuan Anti-Cancer Association 2025, 52 (5):  273-281.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20241203-00047 Abstract ( 5 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1218KB) ( 2 )   Save The disease burden of esophageal cancer in China ranks first in the world， with significant regional differences in incidence. Sichuan province is facing a more complicated and severe situation， with a high incidence of esophageal cancer. Although first-line immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has been widely used clinically， but there is no unified standard and consensus on the treatment of disease progression after immune resistance. The treatment strategy of city-level hospitals is somewhat disordered. In light of this， the Esophageal Cancer Professional Committee of the Sichuan Anti-Cancer Association， in conjunction with multidisciplinary experts in the field of esophageal cancer research in Sichuan province， has developed this consensus. The consensus refers to domestic and foreign guidelines， consensus， and the latest evidence-based clinical evidence， combined with clinical practice experience， with the aim of providing scientific and standardized guidance for clinicians. It is hoped to further improve the treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and promote the advancement of esophageal cancer diagnosis and treatment in Sichuan province. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Article

Role of chemokine CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in intraperitoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer in nude mice Zeng Qianqian, Xiang Hong, Fu Lijun 2025, 52 (5):  282-287.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240618-00048 Abstract ( 5 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1532KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To explore the role of chemokine CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in intraperitoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer in nude mice. Methods Fifty SPF SD female nude mice were selected and randomly divided into normal group （n=10）， ovarian cancer model group （n=20） and CX3CL1 group （n=20） by random number table method. Ovarian cancer model was not established in normal group， and ovarian cancer model was established in both ovarian cancer model group and CX3CL1 group. CX3CL1 group was given intraperitoneal injection of 20 μl CX3CL1 with a concentration of 10 ng/μl to observe the survival status of nude mice. Tumor mass， tumor volume， tumor inhibition rate， ascites rate and peritoneal metastasis rate were recorded. The pathological morphology of ovarian tissue was examined by HE staining， the expression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in ovarian tissue was detected by Western blotting， and the correlation between the expression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and peritoneal metastasis rate was analyzed by point two-column correlation. Results During the administration， the mental state， activity， food and water intake of nude mice in the normal group were good with sensitive responses. The nude mice in the ovarian cancer model group showed signs of mental fatigue， reduced activity， less food and water intake， delayed response， as well as and a hard and gradually enlarged abdomen. The mental state， activity， food and water intake of nude mice in CX3CL1 group were better than those in ovarian cancer model group， and the abdominal hardness volume was smaller compared with that in ovarian cancer model group. The survival time of normal group， ovarian cancer model group and CX3CL1 group were （14.00±0.00）， （9.24±0.67） and （12.05±0.82） d， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （F=22.27， P<0.001）. Further pair-to-pair comparisons showed that the normal group had the longest survival time， followed by the CX3CL1 group and the ovarian cancer model group （all P<0.05）. The tumor mass of ovarian cancer model group and CX3CL1 group was （1.31±0.21） and （0.62±0.13） g， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=12.49， P<0.001）. The tumor volumes were （130.47±13.45） and （70.02±7.52） mm3， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=17.54， P<0.001）. The tumor suppression rates were （0.00±0.00）% and （48.96±4.74）%， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=46.19， P<0.001）， the ascites rates were 60.00% （12/20） and 25.00% （5/20）， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=5.01， P=0.025）. The abdominal metastasis rates were 80.00% （16/20） and 50.00% （10/20）， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=3.96， P=0.047）. The results of HE staining showed that in the normal group， the ovarian tissue structure was complete， the follicles and oocytes developed normally with good shape， and no cancerous cells were found. The ovarian structure of the ovarian cancer model group was obviously destroyed， and a large number of cancerous cells could be seen. The nucleolus were deeply stained and the number increased. Compared with the ovarian cancer model group， the pathological structure was significantly improved， and the number of cancer cells was significantly decreased in the CX3CL1 group. The CX3CL1 protein relative expression levels in normal group， ovarian cancer model group and CX3CL1 group were 2.05±0.22， 1.33±0.11 and 2.41±0.24， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （F=9.26， P<0.001）. The CX3CR1 protein relative expression levels were 1.99±0.21， 1.34±0.14， 2.73±0.31， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （F=8.14， P<0.001）. Further pair-to-pair comparisons showed that compared with the normal group， the relative expression levels of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 protein in ovarian cancer model group were significantly decreased， and the relative expression levels of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 protein were higher in CX3CL1 group （all P<0.05）. Compared with ovarian cancer model group， the relative expression levels of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 protein in ovarian tissue of CX3CL1 group were significantly increased （both P<0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 expressions were negatively correlated with peritoneal metastasis rate （r=-0.50， P=0.024； r=-0.58， P=0.012）. Conclusions The expression of chemokine CX3CL1/CX3CR1 is down-regulated in ovarian cancer， and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expression is negatively correlated with peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer. Activation of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 can significantly inhibit peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical observation on the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain with Tianchan capsule Wang Qing, Chen Ting, Gao Jingdong, Peng Chunlei 2025, 52 (5):  288-294.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240820-00049 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (882KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of Tianchan capsule on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain（CIPNP）. Methods A total of 120 CIPNP patients with Karnofsky performance status （KPS） score higher than 60 admitted to the Nantong Tumor Hospital， Jiangsu Province and Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from April 2023 to April 2024 were selected as study objects. Patients were divided into control group （cisplatin/paclitaxel） and observation group （cisplatin/paclitaxel+Tianchan capsule） according to random number table method， with 60 cases in each group. After 28 days of treatment， the clinical efficacy， adverse reactions， numberical rating scale （NRS） score， quality of life score， Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） syndrome score and neurotoxicity grading score before and after treatment were observed and compared between the two groups. Results Twenty-eight days after treatment， the total effective rate of the control group was 0 （0/60）， while the total effective rate of the observation group was 83.33% （50/60）， with a statistically significant difference （χ2=85.71， P<0.001）. The NRS scores of the control group before treatment and at 7， 14， and 28 days after treatment were 6.18±1.71， 6.17±1.72， 6.20±1.70 and 6.22±1.70， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （F=-1.43， P=0.160）. The NRS scores of the observation group before treatment and at 7， 14， and 28 days after treatment were 6.05±1.76， 5.17±1.42， 3.76±1.16， and 2.00±0.80， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （F=22.89， P<0.001）. The NRS scores of the observation group at 7， 14， and 28 days after treatment were all lower than those of the control group， with statistically significant differences （all P<0.001）. Further pairwise comparison showed that， NRS scores in the observation group gradually decreased from before treatment to after 7， 14 and 28 days of treatment （all P<0.05）. Before treatment and 7， 14， and 28 days after treatment in the control group， the KPS scores were 67.33±6.43， 67.25±6.29， 67.08±6.14 and 66.75±5.80， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （F=2.18， P=0.340）. Before treatment and 7， 14， and 28 days after treatment in the observation group， the KPS scores were 67.17±6.49， 68.33±6.32， 71.25±7.68 and 79.42±5.30， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （F=-19.33， P<0.001）. The KPS scores of the observation group at 14 and 28 days after treatment were both higher than those of the control group， with statistically significant differences （t=-3.33， P<0.001； t=-12.66， P<0.001）. Further pairwise comparison showed that， the KPS scores of the observation group were higher at 28 days after treatment compared to pre-treatment levels， as well as to those at 7 and 14 days after treatment （all P<0.05）. The scores of TCM syndrome showed that the scores of burnout and fatigue were 3.03±0.66 before treatment and 3.03±0.66 after 28 days of treatment in the control group， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t<0.01， P>0.999）. In the observation group， the scores were 3.02±0.60 and 1.97±0.52， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=21.00， P<0.001）. The scores of hypochondriac pain were 3.05±0.68 before treatment and 3.07±0.63 after 28 days of treatment in the control group， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t=-0.57， P=0.568）. In the observation group， the scores were 3.03±0.66 and 2.02±0.57， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=18.25， P<0.001）. The scores of pale complexion were 2.87±0.50 and 2.85±0.48 in the control group before treatment and 28 days after treatment， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t=-0.57， P=0.568）. In the observation group， the scores were 2.93±0.55 and 1.93±0.55， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=24.29， P<0.001）. The scores of loss of appetite were 2.90±0.60 and 2.90±0.63 in the control group before treatment and after 28 days of treatment， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t<0.01， P>0.999）. In the observation group， the scores were 2.95±0.57 and 1.98±0.60， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=20.42， P<0.001）. After 28 days of treatment， the scores of burnout and fatigue， hypochondriac pain， pale complexion and loss of appetite in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （all P<0.001）. Comparison of neurotoxicity grading showed that the scores of peripheral sensory nerve disorder were 2.54±0.50 before treatment and 2.58±0.49 after 28 days of treatment in the control group， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t=-0.40， P=0.690）. The scores in the observation group were 2.52±0.50 and 2.00±0.00， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=7.29， P<0.001）. The scores of peripheral motor nerve disorder were 2.44±0.51 before treatment and 2.36±0.48 after 28 days of treatment， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t=0.81， P=0.419）. In the observation group， the scores were 2.46±0.50 and 2.00±0.10， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=6.49， P<0.001）. Neuralgia score： Before treatment and after 28 days of treatment， the scores in the control group were 2.14±0.49 and 2.18±0.48， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （t=-0.41， P=0.683）. The scores in the observation group were 2.16±0.51 and 1.72±0.46， respectively， with a statistically significant difference （t=4.56， P<0.001）. After 28 days of treatment， the scores of peripheral sensory nerve disorder， peripheral motor nerve disorder and neuralgia in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （all P<0.001）. Patients in both control group and observation group had different degrees of diarrhea， nausea and vomiting， but there was no statistically significant difference in total incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups （χ2=0.22，P=0.637）. Conclusions Tianchan capsule can effectively reduce the pain degree of patients with CIPNP， improve the quality of life of patients and has good safety. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Comparison of the efficacy and construction of prediction model for relapse free survival in breast cancer based on diabetes mellitus type 2 Zhou Wenkao, Huang Hesen, Pan Yimei, Huang Lingyan, Wang Mingshan, Zhao Fangli, Wang Ya, Tang Huimin 2025, 52 (5):  295-303.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240716-00050 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (2843KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To construct univariate and multivariate relapse free survival （RFS） prediction models for breast cancer patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 （T2DM） and to compare and select the model with higher predictive performance. Methods A total of 912 breast cancer patients treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from January 2010 to December 2016 were included， of which 202 patients had T2DM and 710 patients did not. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn based on whether patients had T2DM， and log-rank test was performed based on whether patients had T2DM. All patients were randomly divided into a training set （n=640） and a validation set （n=272） at a ratio of 7∶3. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk regression models were used to analyze RFS in breast cancer patients with the survival package. The "rms" package was employed to construct univariate and multivariate RFS prediction models for breast cancer patients with T2DM. Clinical decision curves and calibration curves were used to validate the models. The receiver operator characteristic （ROC） curve was used to compare and analyze the prediction performance of the two models. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the training set and the validation set patients in terms of age， T2DM， surgical approach， axillary management methods， T stage， N stage， molecular sub-type， estrogen receptor （ER）1， ER2， progesterone receptor （PR）， ER and PR consistency， Ki67， human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 （HER2） （all P>0.05）. There was a statistically significant difference in histological grade （χ2=7.59， P=0.022）. Survival analysis showed that the 5-year RFS rate was 83.7% in patients with T2DM and 92.3% in patients without T2DM （χ2=16.61， P<0.001）. Univariate analysis revealed that age （HR=1.04， 95%CI： 1.03-1.06， P<0.001）， T2DM （HR=2.31， 95%CI： 1.49-3.55， P<0.001）， surgical approach （HR=2.39， 95%CI： 1.20-4.77， P=0.013）， axillary management methods （HR=2.62， 95%CI： 1.72-3.98， P<0.001）， T stage （T2： HR=2.13， 95%CI： 1.36-3.31， P<0.001； T3： HR=6.90， 95%CI： 3.35-14.22， P<0.001）， N stage （N2： HR=3.87， 95%CI： 2.12-7.07， P<0.001； N3： HR=8.61， 95%CI： 4.71-15.75， P<0.001）， molecular sub-type （Luminal B： HR=2.74， 95%CI： 1.17-6.36， P=0.019； HER2+： HR=3.64， 95%CI： 1.38-9.58， P=0.009； TNBC： HR=4.40， 95%CI： 1.71-11.34， P=0.002）， ER1 （>10%： HR=0.57， 95%CI： 0.37-0.90， P=0.016）， ER2 （HR=0.57， 95%CI： 0.37-0.89， P=0.015）， and PR （HR=0.56， 95%CI： 0.37-0.86， P=0.008） were all factors influencing RFS in breast cancer patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age （HR=1.04， 95%CI： 1.02-1.06， P<0.001）， T2DM （HR=1.82， 95%CI： 1.16-2.85， P=0.009）， T stage （T2： HR=1.60， 95%CI： 1.01-2.54， P=0.046； T3： HR=2.64， 95%CI： 1.22-5.72， P=0.014）， N stage （N2： HR=3.72， 95% CI： 2.01-6.88， P<0.001； N3： HR=5.34， 95%CI： 2.78-10.25， P<0.001）， and ER1 （>10%： HR=0.63， 95%CI： 0.39-0.99， P=0.046） were independent factors influencing RFS in breast cancer patients. Based on the 10 and 5 variables with P<0.05 in the univariate and multivariate analyses respectively， the nomograms of the univariate and multivariate prediction models were constructed to evaluate the influence of factors such as T2DM on the postoperative RFS of breast cancer patients. Clinical decision curves and calibration curves indicated that both models had high predictive value for RFS in breast cancer patients， and the predictive results were highly consistent with the actual observed results. ROC curve analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the area under the curve （AUC） of the two models for predicting the RFS rates of breast cancer patients in the training set and validation set at 36， 60， and 84 months （all P>0.05）， indicating that the predictive efficacy of the two models was comparable. The multivariate model is more suitable for clinical application because it uses fewer variables. Conclusions Breast cancer patients with T2DM have poorer prognosis. Age， T2DM， T stage， N stage， and ER1 are independent factors influencing postoperative RFS in breast cancer patients. The multi-factor prediction model of RFS in breast cancer patients based on T2DM is more suitable for clinical application due to its higher predictive efficacy and fewer variables. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

Advances in aptamers screening and the applications in cancer therapy Zheng Siqi, Guo Ting, Wang Jing, Tian Yinghong, Zhang Xingmei 2025, 52 (5):  304-308.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240920-00051 Abstract ( 5 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (818KB) ( 6 )   Save Aptamers are a class of short DNA/RNA single strand oligonucleotides that can bind to target molecules with high affinity specificity. They have the advantages of high affinity specificity， low molecular weight and low immunogenicity， and have been widely used in biomedical research， clinical diagnosis and therapy， and biosensor development. Systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment （SELEX） is an in vitro screening technique， which enriches the aptamers with high affinity and specific binding to the target through multiple cycles of screening， and has a wide range of applications in tumor therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Advances in the clinical application of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Sun Yujiao, Yu Meili, Ma Wenjing, Sun Longmei, Zhu Zhaofeng, Zheng Yuanyuan 2025, 52 (5):  309-314.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20241009-00052 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (852KB) ( 0 )   Save Esophageal cancer cases in China account for more than 50% of the world， among which approximately 90% are histological subtypes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Over 50% of esophageal cancer patients are initially diagnosed at locally advanced or advanced stages. The R0 resection rate with surgical treatment alone is relatively low， and local recurrence and distant metastasis are prone to occur， resulting in a low 5-year survival rate. Recent research has focused on neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer， but the most effective form of such therapy remains undetermined. Immunotherapy is currently the most active research field in tumor treatment. Further exploration of the treatment model combing immunotherapy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy is expected to improve the therapeutic effect and survival benefit in patients with locally advanced resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Research progress on prediction models related to microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma Zhuang Weihong, Zhu Wentian 2025, 52 (5):  315-318.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20240910-00053 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (808KB) ( 0 )   Save Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is one of the common malignant tumors of the digestive system， threatening human life and health. Microvascular invasion （MVI） is an important indicator reflecting the prognosis of HCC patients. The individualized treatment plan predicted and provided by MVI before surgery is of great significance to improve the long-term efficacy of HCC patients. Many studies have built various prediction models for MVI in HCC patients， such as logistic regression scoring models， nomogram models， radiomics models， and deep learning models based on clinical features， imaging features， radiomics， proteomics， and genomics. With the deepening of research， the accuracy of MVI prediction in patients with HCC has been continuously improved， which can also better guide the treatment of HCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Role and research progress of ferroptosis in colorectal cancer Guo Haiyang, Hong Yonggang, Hao Liqiang 2025, 52 (5):  319-324.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250328-00054 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (844KB) ( 2 )   Save Colorectal cancer （CRC） is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the digestive system worldwide， characterized by continuously rising incidence and mortality rates. Despite significant advancements in therapeutic approaches， the prognosis for advanced-stage CRC remains unsatisfactory， highlighting the urgent need to explore novel molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Ferroptosis， a form of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation， plays a crucial role in cancer occurrence， progression， and treatment resistance. Activation of ferroptosis significantly suppresses tumor cell growth. Further investigation into the mechanisms of ferroptosis in CRC occurrence， progression， and treatment could provide valuable insights for both basic and clinical research on CRC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Progress of pathogenesis and clinical research on immunotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis Ji Chunwang, Li Song, Liu Lian 2025, 52 (5):  325-330.  doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20250106-00055 Abstract ( 4 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (851KB) ( 2 )   Save Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a common manifestation of advanced malignant tumors. Its complex pathological features and unique immunosuppressive microenvironment limit the effectiveness of traditional treatment. At present， immunotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis shows certain potential， but still faces many challenges. Future research should focus on the development of new immunotherapy targets， the combination of local and systemic drug delivery approaches， the characterization of the tumor microenvironment using single-cell genomics and spatial transcriptome technologies， and the screening of appropriate populations using artificial intelligence， which is expected to effectively improve patient survival. References | Related Articles | Metrics