Mechanism study of CeRNA regulatory network mediating malignant tumor phenotype

doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn371439-20201122-00105

Abstract

Abstract:

Competing endogenous RNAs (CeRNAs) are crisscrossing regulatory networks. CeRNAs networks can mediate malignant tumor cell phenotypes, including proliferation and inhibition, autophagy, infinite growth, induction of angiogenesis and angiogenic mimicosis, immune escape, etc.. It is expected to provide new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for malignant tumors to master the regulation and function of CeRNAs mediated phenotype in malignant tumors.

Key words: Gene expression regulation, neoplastic, RNA, long noncoding, Phenotype, CeRNA

Zhang Jing, Huang Shouguo, Xia Ying. Mechanism study of CeRNA regulatory network mediating malignant tumor phenotype[J]. Journal of International Oncology, 2021, 48(9): 544-548.

References 41

[8]	Bartonicek N, Maag JL, Dinger ME. Long noncoding RNAs in can-cer: mechanisms of action and technological advancements[J]. Mol Cancer, 2016, 15(1):43. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0530-6. doi: 10.1186/s12943-016-0530-6 pmid: 27233618
[9]	Guo R, Qin Y. LEMD1-AS1 suppresses ovarian cancer progression through regulating miR-183-5p/TP53 axis[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2020, 13:7387-7398. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S250850. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S250850
[10]	Zhang R, Guo Y, Ma Z, et al. Long non-coding RNA PTENP1 functions as a ceRNA to modulate PTEN level by decoying miR-106b and miR-93 in gastric cancer[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(16):26079-26089. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15317. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15317
[11]	Zhu Y, Liu B, Zhang P, et al. LncRNA TUSC8 inhibits the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells via miR-641/PTEN axis[J]. Cell Biol Int, 2019, 43(7):781-788. DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11152. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11152
[1]	Tay Y, Rinn J, Pandolfi PP. The multilayered complexily of CeRNA crosstalk and competition[J]. Nature, 2014, 505(7483):344-352. DOI: 10.1038/nature12986. doi: 10.1038/nature12986
[12]	Cao J, Yang Z, An R, et al. lncRNA IGKJ2-MALLP2 suppresses LSCC proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis by sponging miR-1911-3p/p21[J]. Cancer Sci, 2020, 111(9):3245-3257. DOI: 10.1111/cas.14559. doi: 10.1111/cas.14559
[2]	Luo ZP, Jin H. Effects of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 on proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by Wnt/β-catenin[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2019, 23(20):8788-8794. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201910_19273. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201910_19273
[13]	Kocaturk NM, Akkoc Y, Kig C, et al. Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment[J]. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2019, 134:116-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011. doi: S0928-0987(19)30149-6 pmid: 30981885
[14]	Liu L, Liao JZ, He XX, et al. The role of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: friend or foe[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(34):57707-57722. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17202. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17202
[3]	Li X, Yan X, Wang F, et al. Down-regulated lncRNA SLC25A5-AS1 facilitates cell growth and inhibits apoptosis via miR-19a-3p/PTEN/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in gastric cancer[J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2019, 23(4):2920-2932. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14200. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14200
[15]	Sun T. Long noncoding RNAs act as regulators of autophagy in can-cer[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2018, 129:151-155. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.009. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.009
[4]	Yang N, Chen J, Zhang H, et al. LncRNA OIP5-AS1 loss-induced microRNA-410 accumulation regulates cell proli-feration and apoptosis by targeting KLF10 via activating PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway in multiple[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2017, 8(8):e2975. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.358. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.358
[16]	Li X, Zhou Y, Yang L, et al. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes autophagy via regulating miR-204/ATG3 and enhanced cell resistance to so-rafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cell Physiol, 2020, 235(4):3402-3413. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29230. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29230
[5]	Cai H, An Y, Chen X, et al. Epigenetic inhibition of miR-663b by long non coding RNA HOTAIR promotes pancreatic cancer cell proli-feration via up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor2[J]. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(52):86857-86870. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13490. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13490
[17]	Guo J, Ma Y, Peng X, et al. LncRNA CCAT1 promotes autophagy via regulating ATG7 by sponging miR-181 in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120(10):17975-17983. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29064. doi: 10.1002/jcb.29064
[6]	Dong C, Liu S, Lv Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR regulates proliferation and via activating Notch signalling pathway in retinoblastoma[J]. J Biosci, 2016, 41(4):677-687. DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9636-7. doi: 10.1007/s12038-016-9636-7
[18]	Liang G, Ling Y, Mehrpour M, et al. Autophagy-associated circRNA circCDYL augments autophagy and promotes breast cancer progression[J]. Mol Cancer, 2020, 19(1):65. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01152-2. doi: 10.1186/s12943-020-01152-2
[7]	Zhou S, Yu L, Xiong M, et al. LncRNA SNHG12 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in osteosarcoma by upregulating Notch2 by sponging miR-195-5p[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 495(2):1822-1832. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.047. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.047
[19]	Li Y, Li C, Li D, et al. lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 enhances the chemoresistance of oxaliplatin in colon cancer by targeting the miR-34a/ATG4B pathway[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2019, 12:2649-2660. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S188054. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S188054
[8]	Bartonicek N, Maag JL, Dinger ME. Long noncoding RNAs in can-cer: mechanisms of action and technological advancements[J]. Mol Cancer, 2016, 15(1):43. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0530-6. doi: 10.1186/s12943-016-0530-6 pmid: 27233618
[20]	He H, Song X, Yang Z, et al. Upregulation of KCNQ1OT1 promotes resistance to stereotactic body radiotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma by inducing ATG5/ATG12-mediated autophagy via miR-372-3p[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2020, 11(10):883. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03083-8. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03083-8
[9]	Guo R, Qin Y. LEMD1-AS1 suppresses ovarian cancer progression through regulating miR-183-5p/TP53 axis[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2020, 13:7387-7398. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S250850. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S250850
[10]	Zhang R, Guo Y, Ma Z, et al. Long non-coding RNA PTENP1 functions as a ceRNA to modulate PTEN level by decoying miR-106b and miR-93 in gastric cancer[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(16):26079-26089. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15317. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15317
[21]	Pan Z, Wu C, Li Y, et al. LncRNA DANCR silence inhibits SOX5-medicated progression and autophagy in osteosarcoma via regulating miR-216a-5p[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 122:109707. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109707. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109707
[11]	Zhu Y, Liu B, Zhang P, et al. LncRNA TUSC8 inhibits the invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells via miR-641/PTEN axis[J]. Cell Biol Int, 2019, 43(7):781-788. DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11152. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11152
[12]	Cao J, Yang Z, An R, et al. lncRNA IGKJ2-MALLP2 suppresses LSCC proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis by sponging miR-1911-3p/p21[J]. Cancer Sci, 2020, 111(9):3245-3257. DOI: 10.1111/cas.14559. doi: 10.1111/cas.14559
[22]	Chen ZH, Wang WT, Huang W, et al. The lncRNA HOTAIRM1 regulates the degradation of PML-RARA oncoprotein and myeloid cell differentiation by enhancing the autophagy pathway[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2017, 24(2):212-224. DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.111. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2016.111
[23]	Bao X, Ren T, Huang Y, et al. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR increases miR-454-3p by targeting Stat3 and Atg12 to inhibit chondrosarcoma growth[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2017, 8(2):e2605. DOI: 10.1038/ cddis.2017.31. doi: 10.1038/ cddis.2017.31
[13]	Kocaturk NM, Akkoc Y, Kig C, et al. Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment[J]. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2019, 134:116-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011. doi: S0928-0987(19)30149-6 pmid: 30981885
[24]	Yang Y, Jiang C, Yang Y, et al. Silencing of lncRNA-HOTAIR decreases drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inactivating autophagy via suppressing the phosphorylation of ULK1[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 497(4):1003-1010. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.141. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.141
[14]	Liu L, Liao JZ, He XX, et al. The role of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: friend or foe[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(34):57707-57722. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17202. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.17202
[25]	He JH, Li BX, Han ZP, et al. Snail-activated long non-coding RNA PCA3 up-regulates PRKD3 expression by miR-1261 sponging, thereby promotes invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells[J]. Tumour Biol, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5450-y. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5450-y
[15]	Sun T. Long noncoding RNAs act as regulators of autophagy in can-cer[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2018, 129:151-155. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.009. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.009
[26]	Okamoto K, Seimiya H. Revisiting telomere shortening in cancer[J]. Cells, 2019, 8(2):107. DOI: 10.3390/cells8020107. doi: 10.3390/cells8020107
[16]	Li X, Zhou Y, Yang L, et al. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes autophagy via regulating miR-204/ATG3 and enhanced cell resistance to so-rafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cell Physiol, 2020, 235(4):3402-3413. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29230. doi: 10.1002/jcp.29230
[27]	Vitelli V, Falvo P, G Nergadze S, et al. Telomeric repeat-containing RNAs (TERRA) decrease in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is associated with worsened clinical outcome[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(1):274. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010274. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010274
[17]	Guo J, Ma Y, Peng X, et al. LncRNA CCAT1 promotes autophagy via regulating ATG7 by sponging miR-181 in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120(10):17975-17983. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29064. doi: 10.1002/jcb.29064
[18]	Liang G, Ling Y, Mehrpour M, et al. Autophagy-associated circRNA circCDYL augments autophagy and promotes breast cancer progression[J]. Mol Cancer, 2020, 19(1):65. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01152-2. doi: 10.1186/s12943-020-01152-2
[28]	Lu C, Yang L, Chen H, et al. Upregulated long non-coding RNA BC032469 enhances carcinogenesis and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through regulating hTERT expression[J]. Tumour Biol, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5428-9. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5428-9
[19]	Li Y, Li C, Li D, et al. lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 enhances the chemoresistance of oxaliplatin in colon cancer by targeting the miR-34a/ATG4B pathway[J]. Onco Targets Ther, 2019, 12:2649-2660. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S188054. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S188054
[29]	Lü MH, Tang B, Zeng S, et al. Long noncoding RNA BC032469, a novel competing endogenous RNA, upregulates hTERT expression by sponging miR-1207-5p and promotes proliferation in gastric cancer[J]. Oncogene, 2016, 35(27):3524-3534. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.413. doi: 10.1038/onc.2015.413 pmid: 26549025
[20]	He H, Song X, Yang Z, et al. Upregulation of KCNQ1OT1 promotes resistance to stereotactic body radiotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma by inducing ATG5/ATG12-mediated autophagy via miR-372-3p[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2020, 11(10):883. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03083-8. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03083-8
[30]	Hu Z, Wu H, Li Y, et al. β-elemene inhibits the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating long noncoding RNA-mediated inhibition of hTERT expression[J]. Anticancer Drugs, 2015, 26(5):531-539. DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000216. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000216
[21]	Pan Z, Wu C, Li Y, et al. LncRNA DANCR silence inhibits SOX5-medicated progression and autophagy in osteosarcoma via regulating miR-216a-5p[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 122:109707. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109707. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109707
[31]	Dong R, Liu GB, Liu BH, et al. Targeting long non-coding RNA-TUG1 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatoblastoma[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2016, 7(6):e2278. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.143. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.143
[22]	Chen ZH, Wang WT, Huang W, et al. The lncRNA HOTAIRM1 regulates the degradation of PML-RARA oncoprotein and myeloid cell differentiation by enhancing the autophagy pathway[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2017, 24(2):212-224. DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.111. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2016.111
[32]	Lin X, Yang F, Qi X, et al. LncRNA DANCR promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in ovarian cancer through direct targeting of miR-145[J]. Mol Carcinog, 2019, 58(12):2286-2296. DOI: 10.1002/mc.23117. doi: 10.1002/mc.23117
[23]	Bao X, Ren T, Huang Y, et al. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR increases miR-454-3p by targeting Stat3 and Atg12 to inhibit chondrosarcoma growth[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2017, 8(2):e2605. DOI: 10.1038/ cddis.2017.31. doi: 10.1038/ cddis.2017.31
[33]	Chen X, Zeng K, Xu M, et al. SP1-induced lncRNA ZFAS1 contributes to colorectal cancer progression via the miR-150-5p/VEGFA axis[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9(10):982. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0962-6. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0962-6
[24]	Yang Y, Jiang C, Yang Y, et al. Silencing of lncRNA-HOTAIR decreases drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inactivating autophagy via suppressing the phosphorylation of ULK1[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 497(4):1003-1010. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.141. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.141
[34]	Cao Z, Bao M, Miele L, et al. Tumour vasculogenic mimicry is associated with poor prognosis of human cancer patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(18):3914-3923. DOI: 10.1016/ j.ejca.2013.07.148. doi: 10.1016/ j.ejca.2013.07.148
[25]	He JH, Li BX, Han ZP, et al. Snail-activated long non-coding RNA PCA3 up-regulates PRKD3 expression by miR-1261 sponging, thereby promotes invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells[J]. Tumour Biol, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5450-y. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5450-y
[35]	Gao Y, Yu H, Liu Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOXA-AS2 re-gulates malignant glioma behaviors and vasculogenic mimicry formation via the MiR-373/EGFR axis[J]. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018, 45(1):131-147. DOI: 10.1159/000486253. doi: 10.1159/000486253
[26]	Okamoto K, Seimiya H. Revisiting telomere shortening in cancer[J]. Cells, 2019, 8(2):107. DOI: 10.3390/cells8020107. doi: 10.3390/cells8020107
[36]	Guo J, Cai H, Liu X, et al. Long non-coding RNA LINC00339 stimulates glioma vasculogenicmimicry formation by regulating the miR-539-5p/TWIST1/MMPs axis[J]. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids, 2018, 10:170-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.11.011. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.11.011
[27]	Vitelli V, Falvo P, G Nergadze S, et al. Telomeric repeat-containing RNAs (TERRA) decrease in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is associated with worsened clinical outcome[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(1):274. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010274. doi: 10.3390/ijms19010274
[37]	Tao W, Sun W, Zhu H, et al. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA TP73-AS1 suppresses triple negative breast cancer cell vasculogenic mimicry by targeting miR-490-3p/TWIST1 axis[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 504(4):629-634. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.122. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.122
[28]	Lu C, Yang L, Chen H, et al. Upregulated long non-coding RNA BC032469 enhances carcinogenesis and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through regulating hTERT expression[J]. Tumour Biol, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5428-9. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5428-9
[38]	Wang CJ, Zhu CC, Xu J, et al. The lncRNA UCA1 promotes proli-feration, migration, immune escape and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer by sponging anti-tumor miRNAs[J]. Mol Cancer, 2019, 18(1):115. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1032-0. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1032-0
[29]	Lü MH, Tang B, Zeng S, et al. Long noncoding RNA BC032469, a novel competing endogenous RNA, upregulates hTERT expression by sponging miR-1207-5p and promotes proliferation in gastric cancer[J]. Oncogene, 2016, 35(27):3524-3534. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.413. doi: 10.1038/onc.2015.413 pmid: 26549025
[39]	Wang QM, Lian GY, Song Y, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sponging miR-195[J]. Life Sci, 2019, 231:116335. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040
[30]	Hu Z, Wu H, Li Y, et al. β-elemene inhibits the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating long noncoding RNA-mediated inhibition of hTERT expression[J]. Anticancer Drugs, 2015, 26(5):531-539. DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000216. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000216
[40]	Wei S, Wang K, Huang X, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 contributes to non-small cell lung cancer progression via modulating miR-200a-3p/programmed death-ligand 1 axis[J]. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2019, 33:2058738419859699. DOI: 10.1177/20587384198-59699. doi: 10.1177/20587384198-59699
[31]	Dong R, Liu GB, Liu BH, et al. Targeting long non-coding RNA-TUG1 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in hepatoblastoma[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2016, 7(6):e2278. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.143. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.143
[41]	Cao J, Dong R, Jiang L, et al. LncRNA-MM2P identified as a mo-dulator of macrophage M2 polarization[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2019, 7(2):292-305. DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0145. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0145 pmid: 30459152
[32]	Lin X, Yang F, Qi X, et al. LncRNA DANCR promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in ovarian cancer through direct targeting of miR-145[J]. Mol Carcinog, 2019, 58(12):2286-2296. DOI: 10.1002/mc.23117. doi: 10.1002/mc.23117
[33]	Chen X, Zeng K, Xu M, et al. SP1-induced lncRNA ZFAS1 contributes to colorectal cancer progression via the miR-150-5p/VEGFA axis[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9(10):982. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0962-6. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0962-6
[34]	Cao Z, Bao M, Miele L, et al. Tumour vasculogenic mimicry is associated with poor prognosis of human cancer patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2013, 49(18):3914-3923. DOI: 10.1016/ j.ejca.2013.07.148. doi: 10.1016/ j.ejca.2013.07.148
[35]	Gao Y, Yu H, Liu Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOXA-AS2 re-gulates malignant glioma behaviors and vasculogenic mimicry formation via the MiR-373/EGFR axis[J]. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018, 45(1):131-147. DOI: 10.1159/000486253. doi: 10.1159/000486253
[36]	Guo J, Cai H, Liu X, et al. Long non-coding RNA LINC00339 stimulates glioma vasculogenicmimicry formation by regulating the miR-539-5p/TWIST1/MMPs axis[J]. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids, 2018, 10:170-186. DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.11.011. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.11.011
[37]	Tao W, Sun W, Zhu H, et al. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA TP73-AS1 suppresses triple negative breast cancer cell vasculogenic mimicry by targeting miR-490-3p/TWIST1 axis[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 504(4):629-634. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.122. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.122
[38]	Wang CJ, Zhu CC, Xu J, et al. The lncRNA UCA1 promotes proli-feration, migration, immune escape and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer by sponging anti-tumor miRNAs[J]. Mol Cancer, 2019, 18(1):115. DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1032-0. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-1032-0
[39]	Wang QM, Lian GY, Song Y, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sponging miR-195[J]. Life Sci, 2019, 231:116335. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.040
[40]	Wei S, Wang K, Huang X, et al. LncRNA MALAT1 contributes to non-small cell lung cancer progression via modulating miR-200a-3p/programmed death-ligand 1 axis[J]. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2019, 33:2058738419859699. DOI: 10.1177/20587384198-59699. doi: 10.1177/20587384198-59699
[41]	Cao J, Dong R, Jiang L, et al. LncRNA-MM2P identified as a mo-dulator of macrophage M2 polarization[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2019, 7(2):292-305. DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0145. doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0145 pmid: 30459152